Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'jingoism'

English Word: jingoism

Key Russian Translations:

• шовинизм /ʂəvʲɪˈnʲizm/ - [Formal, often used in political or academic contexts]
• империализм /ɪm.pʲɪ.rʲɪˈa.lʲɪzm/ - [Formal, when emphasizing aggressive expansion, though less direct]

Frequency: Medium (This term appears in discussions of politics, history, and media, but is not everyday vocabulary.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate, as it requires understanding of abstract political concepts; for 'шовинизм', it's straightforward, but 'империализм' may vary based on context.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

шовинизм: /ʂəvʲɪˈnʲizm/ (The 'ш' sound is a voiceless retroflex fricative, similar to the 'sh' in 'shoe', but with a rolled quality.)

империализм: /ɪm.pʲɪ.rʲɪˈa.lʲɪzm/ (Note the soft 'пʲ' which palatalizes the following vowel; this can be tricky for beginners.)

Note on шовинизм: Be mindful of the stress on the third syllable; misplacing it can alter perceived fluency.

Note on империализм: The word has a rolling 'р' sound, common in Russian, which may require practice for non-native speakers.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning: Extreme patriotism or aggressive foreign policy, often involving belligerent nationalism.

Translation(s) & Context:

• шовинизм - Used in formal discussions of politics, media, or history, to describe excessive national pride leading to conflict.
• империализм - Applied in contexts involving expansionist policies, such as historical or geopolitical analyses, but it's broader than pure jingoism.

Usage Examples:

• Русский пример: "Его речи полны шовинизма, что вызывает напряжение в международных отношениях."

  English translation: "His speeches are full of jingoism, which creates tension in international relations."

• Русский пример: "Шовинизм в прессе часто маскируется под патриотизм."

  English translation: "Jingoism in the press is often disguised as patriotism."

• Русский пример: "Империализм, как форма шовинизма, был характерен для колониальных эпох."

  English translation: "Imperialism, as a form of jingoism, was characteristic of colonial eras."

• Русский пример: "В современной политике шовинизм проявляется через агрессивную риторику в СМИ."

  English translation: "In modern politics, jingoism manifests through aggressive rhetoric in the media."

• Русский пример: "Критики обвиняют правительство в империализме, подразумевая скрытый шовинизм."

  English translation: "Critics accuse the government of imperialism, implying underlying jingoism."

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'шовинизм' and 'империализм' are masculine nouns in Russian, following the standard declension patterns for abstract concepts. They are indeclinable in some cases due to their foreign origin, but 'шовинизм' can inflect regularly.

Note: These words do not change in plural forms frequently, as they are abstract nouns. Irregularities are minimal, making them relatively straightforward for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • национализм (nationalism; more general, without the aggressive connotation)
  • милитаризм (militarism; emphasizes military aggression)
• Antonyms:
  • пацифизм (pacifism; advocates peace and opposes war)
  • космополитизм (cosmopolitanism; promotes global unity over nationalism)

Related Phrases:

• Шовинистическая риторика - Refers to jingoistic rhetoric, often used in media or political debates.
• Империалистические амбиции - Describes imperialistic ambitions, implying aggressive expansion tied to jingoism.
• Шовинизм и ксенофобия - A phrase linking jingoism with xenophobia, common in discussions of social issues.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'шовинизм' directly corresponds to 'jingoism' in formal contexts, but it's more commonly used in academic or journalistic writing rather than everyday speech. Choose 'империализм' when the focus is on territorial expansion. Be aware of the word's negative connotation, which can escalate in sensitive political discussions. Grammatically, these nouns are invariable in gender but follow standard case declensions, so always adjust for case in sentences (e.g., genitive for possession).

Common Errors:

• Confusing 'шовинизм' with 'национализм': Learners might use 'национализм' interchangeably, but it's broader. Error: "Его национализм вреден" (implying simple patriotism). Correct: "Его шовинизм вреден" (to specify aggressive form). Explanation: 'Шовинизм' carries a pejorative tone of extremism.
• Mispronouncing or misstressing: Forgetting the soft consonants in 'империализм' can lead to incomprehensibility. Error: Pronouncing as /ɪm.pɪ.rʲa.lʲɪzm/ (without palatalization). Correct: /ɪm.pʲɪ.rʲɪˈa.lʲɪzm/. Explanation: Russian phonetics require precise palatalization for clarity.

Cultural Notes:

'Шовинизм' in Russian often evokes historical contexts like the Soviet era or post-Soviet nationalism, where it was criticized in propaganda against Western influences. It carries a strong anti-imperialist undertone in Russian discourse, reflecting the country's complex history with expansionism and foreign relations.

Related Concepts:

• империализм
• фашизм
• ксенофобия