Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'earning'

English Word: earning

Key Russian Translations:

• заработок [zəˈrabɐtək] - [Formal, used in financial or professional contexts]
• доход [ˈdoxət] - [Informal, versatile for everyday conversations]

Frequency: Medium (Common in economic and daily life discussions, but not as frequent as basic vocabulary)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires understanding of noun declensions; 'заработок' may be B2 due to its specific contexts)

Pronunciation (Russian):

заработок: [zəˈrabɐtək] (Stress on the third syllable; the 'р' is rolled.)

Note on заработок: Be cautious with the soft 'т' sound, which can vary regionally; in standard Russian, it's a clear [t].

доход: [ˈdoxət] (Stress on the first syllable; the 'x' is a guttural sound similar to Scottish 'loch'.)

Note on доход: This word has a straightforward pronunciation, but non-native speakers often soften the 'x' incorrectly.

Audio: Play pronunciation for заработок | Play pronunciation for доход (Audio player placeholder; replace with actual audio links.)

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Income or money earned from work or employment.

Translation(s) & Context:

• заработок - Used in formal settings like job interviews or financial reports, emphasizing the act of earning.
• доход - More general and informal, often in everyday talks about salary or passive income.

Usage Examples:

• Его заработок в компании вырос благодаря повышению.

  His earning at the company increased due to a promotion.

• Мой доход от фриланса позволяет путешествовать.

  My earning from freelancing allows me to travel.

• Заработок в этой отрасли часто нестабильный из-за рыночных колебаний.

  Earning in this industry is often unstable due to market fluctuations.

• Доход от инвестиций стал основным источником ее заработка.

  Earning from investments became her main source of income.

• После кризиса многие потеряли значительную часть своего заработка.

  After the crisis, many lost a significant part of their earning.

Meaning 2: The process or result of gaining something through effort (e.g., rewards or achievements).

Translation(s) & Context:

• заработок - Applied in motivational or professional contexts, highlighting effort-based gains.
• доход - Less common here, but can be used informally for non-monetary earnings like skills.

Usage Examples:

• Заработок новых навыков требует времени и практики.

  Earning new skills requires time and practice.

• Ее заработок уважения коллег был результатом тяжелой работы.

  Her earning of respect from colleagues was the result of hard work.

• Доход от учебы – это не только знания, но и опыт.

  Earning from studies is not just knowledge, but also experience.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'заработок' and 'доход' are masculine nouns in Russian, which means they follow standard masculine declension patterns. 'Заработок' is more likely to inflect in various contexts, while 'доход' has regular changes.

Note: These are regular inflections; 'доход' does not have irregularities, making it easier for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • прибыль (profit; more specific to financial gain)
  • выручка (revenue; used in business contexts, with subtle differences in scale)
• Antonyms:
  • расход (expenditure; opposite in financial contexts)
  • убыток (loss; emphasizes negative financial outcomes)

Related Phrases:

• Заработок на жизнь – Earning a living (Common phrase for basic income to sustain oneself).
• Дополнительный доход – Additional earning (Refers to supplementary sources like side gigs).
• Чистый заработок – Net earning (After deductions, often used in tax-related discussions).

Usage Notes:

In English, 'earning' is a gerund or noun form of 'earn', but in Russian, 'заработок' and 'доход' are primarily nouns. Choose 'заработок' for contexts involving personal effort or labor, while 'доход' is broader and suits passive income. Be mindful of formal vs. informal settings: 'заработок' is preferred in professional writing, but both can appear in spoken language. Grammatically, always decline these nouns according to Russian case rules to avoid awkwardness.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'заработок' without proper declension, e.g., saying "Я имею заработок" instead of "Я имею заработок" (correct), but commonly misplaced in genitive like "заработка" when it should be nominative.

  Correct: "Мой заработок высокий." (My earning is high.)
  Explanation: Learners often forget case endings, leading to confusion in sentences.

• Error: Confusing 'заработок' with 'доход' in effort-based contexts, e.g., saying "Его доход от работы" when 'заработок' better conveys earned income.

  Correct: "Его заработок от работы."
  Explanation: 'Доход' implies any income source, so use it for investments, not direct labor.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, discussions around 'заработок' often tie into the historical value of hard work during the Soviet era, where collective earnings were emphasized over individual gains. 'Доход' might evoke modern economic shifts, like the post-Soviet market reforms, highlighting income inequality and the pursuit of personal financial stability.

Related Concepts:

• зарплата (salary)
• финансы (finances)
• бюджет (budget)