Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'due'

English Word: due

Key Russian Translations:

• должный [ˈdolʲʐnɨj] - [Formal, used in legal or financial contexts]
• предстоящий [prʲɪdstəˈvaɕːɪj] - [Informal, often in everyday scheduling]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in business and daily life, but not as ubiquitous as basic vocabulary)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires understanding of adjectives and contexts, with some irregular forms; for "должный", it's B1, while "предстоящий" is A2)

Pronunciation (Russian):

должный: [ˈdolʲʐnɨj]

Note on должный: The 'ж' sound is a voiced palatal fricative, similar to the 's' in 'measure' in English, and can be tricky for beginners. Stress falls on the first syllable.

предстоящий: [prʲɪdstəˈvaɕːɪj]

Note on предстоящий: The 'щ' is a voiceless palatal fricative, like 'sh' in 'fish' but softer; pay attention to the stress on the third syllable for natural flow.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Owed or payable (e.g., a debt or payment that is due)

Translation(s) & Context:

• должный - Used in formal contexts like bills or obligations, emphasizing something that is legally or morally owed.
• предстоящий - Less common for this meaning, but can imply something upcoming in a payment sense, in informal conversations.

Usage Examples:

• Оплата должна быть произведена к концу месяца.

  The payment is due by the end of the month.

• Этот долг должный уже несколько недель.

  This debt has been due for several weeks.

• Предстоящий платеж нужно подтвердить заранее.

  The upcoming payment needs to be confirmed in advance.

• Ваш заказ должный в течение двух дней.

  Your order is due within two days.

• Если предстоящий срок не соблюден, будут штрафы.

  If the due date is not met, there will be penalties.

Meaning 2: Expected at a certain time (e.g., due date for an event)

Translation(s) & Context:

• предстоящий - Commonly used for scheduled events, like deadlines or arrivals, in both formal and informal settings.
• должный - Can be used interchangeably but often implies a sense of obligation, such as in project timelines.

Usage Examples:

• Ребенок предстоящий в следующем месяце.

  The baby is due next month.

• Доклад должный быть представлен к пятнице.

  The report is due by Friday.

• Предстоящий рейс задерживается из-за погоды.

  The due flight is delayed due to weather.

• Срок сдачи проекта должный, но мы можем попросить продления.

  The due date for the project submission is approaching, but we can request an extension.

• В предстоящий день рождения нужно подготовиться заранее.

  On the due birthday, we need to prepare in advance.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "должный" and "предстоящий" are adjectives in Russian, which inflect based on gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify and follow standard adjectival declension patterns, which can be regular or irregular.

For "должный" (irregular in some forms due to its root):

For "предстоящий" (more regular):

Note: These adjectives do not change for tense but must agree with the noun in all aspects.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • обязательный (mandatory; similar to должный, but with a stronger sense of requirement)
  • грядущий (forthcoming; often interchangeable with предстоящий in future contexts)
• Antonyms:
  • прошедший (past)
  • оплаченный (paid, opposite of owed)

Related Phrases:

• Должный платеж - A payment that is due; used in financial discussions.
• Предстоящий срок - The due date or deadline; common in project management.
• Срок истек - The due period has expired; implies something was due but not met.

Usage Notes:

"Должный" directly corresponds to the English "due" in the sense of something owed, often in formal or legal English contexts, and should be used with caution in spoken Russian to avoid sounding overly bureaucratic. "Предстоящий" is better for time-based expectations, like events or deadlines. Choose based on context: use "должный" for obligations and "предстоящий" for future occurrences. Grammatically, always ensure the adjective agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "должный" without proper inflection, e.g., saying "должный день" instead of "должный день" (correct), but forgetting to change to "должную неделю" for feminine nouns.

  Correct: Должную оплату произвести timely. (The due payment should be made timely.)
  Explanation: Adjectives must agree; this mistake can make sentences grammatically incorrect.

• Error: Confusing with similar words like "должен" (which means "must" or "ought to" as a verb), leading to misuse in sentences.
  Correct: Он должен заплатить (He must pay), not Он должный заплатить.
  Explanation: "Должный" is an adjective, not a verb, so it doesn't take verb forms.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, concepts like "должный" often tie into a strong sense of obligation and punctuality, influenced by historical contexts such as Soviet-era bureaucracy. For instance, missing a "должный" payment can lead to social or legal repercussions, reflecting Russia's emphasis on contractual reliability in everyday life.

Related Concepts:

• срок (deadline)
• обязательство (obligation)
• грядущее (forthcoming events)