constrain
Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Constrain'
English Word: constrain
Key Russian Translations:
- ограничивать [ɐɡrʌˈnʲit͡ɕɪvətʲ] - [Formal, General Use]
- сдерживать [sdʲɪrˈʐɨvətʲ] - [Formal/Informal, Often Emotional or Behavioral Context]
- стеснять [stʲɪsˈnʲætʲ] - [Informal, Often Physical or Social Constraint]
Frequency: Medium
Difficulty: B1-B2 (Intermediate) for "ограничивать" and "сдерживать"; B2-C1 (Intermediate-Advanced) for "стеснять"
Pronunciation (Russian):
ограничивать: [ɐɡrʌˈnʲit͡ɕɪvətʲ]
Note on ограничивать: Stress falls on the third syllable. The "ч" sound is a soft affricate, similar to "ch" in "church".
сдерживать: [sdʲɪrˈʐɨvətʲ]
Note on сдерживать: Stress on the second syllable. The "ж" sound is a voiced retroflex fricative, like "s" in "measure".
стеснять: [stʲɪsˈnʲætʲ]
Note on стеснять: Stress on the second syllable. The "я" sound is a palatalized vowel, pronounced like "ya".
Audio: []
Meanings and Usage:
1. To Limit or Restrict (General or Abstract)
Translation(s) & Context:
- ограничивать - Used for limiting resources, opportunities, or actions in a formal or neutral context.
Usage Examples:
Бюджет ограничивает наши возможности.
The budget constrains our opportunities.
Законы ограничивают свободу слова в некоторых странах.
Laws constrain freedom of speech in some countries.
Мы должны ограничивать использование пластика.
We must constrain the use of plastic.
2. To Hold Back or Suppress (Emotion or Behavior)
Translation(s) & Context:
- сдерживать - Often used for emotions, impulses, or behaviors, both formally and informally.
Usage Examples:
Она едва сдерживала слёзы.
She could hardly constrain her tears.
Он пытался сдерживать свой гнев.
He tried to constrain his anger.
Нам нужно сдерживать свои желания ради общего блага.
We need to constrain our desires for the common good.
3. To Confine or Embarrass (Physical or Social)
Translation(s) & Context:
- стеснять - Used for physical restriction or social discomfort, often in informal contexts.
Usage Examples:
Тесная одежда стесняет движения.
Tight clothing constrains movement.
Его присутствие меня стесняет.
His presence constrains me (makes me feel uneasy).
Russian Forms/Inflections:
ограничивать (Imperfective Verb): Regular conjugation in the present, past, and future tenses. Below is the present tense conjugation:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | ограничиваю | ограничиваем |
2nd | ограничиваешь | ограничиваете |
3rd | ограничивает | ограничивают |
Note: Perfective form is "ограничить".
сдерживать (Imperfective Verb): Regular conjugation. Present tense shown below:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | сдерживаю | сдерживаем |
2nd | сдерживаешь | сдерживаете |
3rd | сдерживает | сдерживают |
Note: Perfective form is "сдержать".
стеснять (Imperfective Verb): Regular conjugation. Present tense shown below:
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | стесняю | стесняем |
2nd | стесняешь | стесняете |
3rd | стесняет | стесняют |
Note: Perfective form is "стеснить".
Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:
Synonyms for ограничивать:
- урезать
- сокращать
Note: "урезать" often implies cutting down (e.g., budget), while "сокращать" is used for reducing quantity or scope.
Antonyms for ограничивать:
- расширять
- увеличивать
Related Phrases:
- ограничивать свободу - To constrain freedom (often used in legal or political contexts).
- сдерживать эмоции - To constrain emotions (common in personal or psychological contexts).
- стеснять в движениях - To constrain in movements (often physical restriction).
Usage Notes:
- "ограничивать" is the most neutral and widely applicable translation for "constrain", suitable for formal and abstract contexts like rules or budgets.
- "сдерживать" often carries an emotional or behavioral connotation, such as holding back feelings or urges.
- "стеснять" is more specific, often referring to physical tightness or social discomfort; it is less formal and less common in abstract contexts.
- Choose the appropriate verb based on the context—whether the constraint is abstract, emotional, or physical.
Common Errors:
Error 1: Using "стеснять" for abstract constraints like budgets or laws.
Incorrect: Бюджет стесняет наши планы.
Correct: Бюджет ограничивает наши планы.
Explanation: "стеснять" is inappropriate for abstract or formal constraints; use "ограничивать" instead.
Error 2: Confusing "сдерживать" with "ограничивать" in non-emotional contexts.
Incorrect: Законы сдерживают наши действия.
Correct: Законы ограничивают наши действия.
Explanation: "сдерживать" implies personal or emotional restraint, while "ограничивать" fits legal or structural limits.
Cultural Notes:
In Russian culture, the concept of constraint, especially emotional ("сдерживать"), is often associated with self-control and stoicism, valued traits in traditional contexts. Expressing emotions openly may be seen as a lack of restraint, so "сдерживать" often appears in discussions of personal discipline.
Related Concepts:
- запрещать (to forbid)
- препятствовать (to hinder)
- контролировать (to control)