Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'substantiated'

English Word: substantiated

Key Russian Translations:

• подтвержденный [pɐd.tɨˈʐdɛn.nɨj] - [Formal, Adjective]
• обоснованный [ɐ.bɐs.nɐˈvan.nɨj] - [Formal, Adjective, Often used in legal or academic contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Common in formal writing, legal documents, and academic discussions, but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of Russian adjective inflections and formal vocabulary)

Pronunciation (Russian):

подтвержденный: [pɐd.tɨˈʐdɛn.nɨj] (Stress on the third syllable; the 'жд' sound is a soft palatal fricative, similar to 'zh' in 'measure')

Note on подтвержденный: Be cautious with the 'жд' cluster, as it's a common point of difficulty for English speakers; it doesn't exist in English.

обоснованный: [ɐ.bɐs.nɐˈvan.nɨj] (Stress on the fourth syllable; the 'в' is pronounced as a voiced labiodental fricative)

Note on обоснованный: The initial 'о' is reduced in casual speech to a schwa sound [ɐ], which is typical in Russian unstressed vowels.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Verified or confirmed with evidence (e.g., in legal or factual contexts)

Translation(s) & Context:

• подтвержденный - Used in formal settings to describe something backed by proof, such as a claim or report.
• обоснованный - Applied when something is logically supported, often in arguments or investigations.

Usage Examples:

• Подтвержденный факт был представлен в суде. (Podtverzhdennyy fakt byl predstavlen v sude.)

  The substantiated fact was presented in court. (This example shows the adjective in a nominative singular masculine context, emphasizing evidence in legal scenarios.)

• Обоснованный аргумент убедил аудиторию. (Obosnovannyy argument ubeedil auditoriyu.)

  The substantiated argument convinced the audience. (Here, it demonstrates use in persuasive discourse, with the adjective agreeing with a masculine noun.)

• В отчете были только подтвержденные данные. (V otchete byli tolko podtverzhdennyye dannyye.)

  The report contained only substantiated data. (This illustrates plural agreement in a professional context.)

• Обоснованная критика помогает улучшить работу. (Obosnovannaya kritika pomayet uluchshit rabotu.)

  Substantiated criticism helps improve the work. (Shows feminine singular form in a constructive feedback scenario.)

• Подтвержденный отчет был опубликован в журнале. (Podtverzhdennyy otchet byl opublikovann v zhurnale.)

  The substantiated report was published in the journal. (Demonstrates use in academic publishing, with nominative case.)

Meaning 2: Based on solid grounds or justification (e.g., in everyday reasoning)

Translation(s) & Context:

• обоснованный - Common in discussions where logical backing is implied, such as debates or explanations.
• подтвержденный - Less frequent here, but used when empirical evidence is key.

Usage Examples:

• Обоснованная точка зрения всегда ценится. (Obosnovannaya tochka zreniya vsegda tsenitsya.)

  A substantiated point of view is always valued. (This highlights the adjective in a nominative feminine singular form, in opinion-based contexts.)

• Подтвержденные источники информации необходимы. (Podtverzhdennyye istochniki informatsii neobkhodimy.)

  Substantiated sources of information are necessary. (Shows plural form in research or informational settings.)

• Его обоснованный план удался. (Yego obosnovannyy plan udalsya.)

  His substantiated plan succeeded. (Illustrates masculine singular in a success story narrative.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "подтвержденный" and "обоснованный" are adjectives, which inflect for gender, number, and case in Russian. Russian adjectives follow standard patterns for hard-stem adjectives.

Note: These adjectives do not have irregular inflections; they follow the standard pattern, but always agree with the noun they modify in gender, number, and case.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • доказанный (dokaazannyiy) - Similar but often implies stronger evidence; used interchangeably in legal contexts.
  • подтверженный (podtverzhonnyiy) - A variant with slight nuance for official confirmation.
• Antonyms:
  • неподтвержденный (nepodtverzhdennyiy) - Unverified or lacking evidence.
  • необоснованный (neobosnovannyy) - Unjustified or baseless, especially in arguments.

Related Phrases:

• Подтвержденный факт - A substantiated fact; used in journalism or investigations to denote verified information.
• Обоснованная претензия - A substantiated claim; common in legal or customer service contexts for valid complaints.
• Полностью подтвержденный отчет - Fully substantiated report; emphasizes completeness in professional settings.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "подтвержденный" directly corresponds to "substantiated" in contexts requiring proof, such as legal or scientific discussions, while "обоснованный" is better for logical reasoning. Always ensure the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case—e.g., use "подтвержденная" for feminine nouns. In formal writing, prefer these over simpler synonyms to maintain precision. When choosing between translations, opt for "обоснованный" in philosophical or argumentative scenarios.

Common Errors:

• Error: Failing to inflect the adjective correctly, e.g., using "подтвержденный" with a feminine noun like "идея" (idea) instead of "подтвержденная идея". Correct: "Подтвержденная идея" – This mistake often occurs because English adjectives don't inflect, leading to confusion in agreement.

• Error: Overusing "подтвержденный" in informal contexts where "обоснованный" is more appropriate, e.g., saying "подтвержденный план" for a casual idea. Correct: Use "обоснованный план" for logical plans. Explanation: Russian distinguishes formality more strictly than English.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, especially in academic and legal spheres, terms like "подтвержденный" carry a strong emphasis on evidence and truth, influenced by historical contexts such as Soviet-era bureaucracy where official verification was paramount. This reflects a cultural value on concrete proof over subjective opinion.

Related Concepts:

• доказательство (proof)
• обоснование (justification)
• факт (fact)