Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'subsequently'

English Word: subsequently

Key Russian Translations:

• впоследствии [vpaˈslʲedstvʲɪjə] - [Formal, Adverb]
• затем [zaˈtʲem] - [Informal, Adverb]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in written texts, formal speech, and narratives, but less frequent in everyday casual conversation).

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, per CEFR; requires understanding of adverbial phrases and temporal expressions. For 'впоследствии', it may be slightly harder due to its formal nature; 'затем' is more straightforward for beginners).

Pronunciation (Russian):

впоследствии: [vpaˈslʲedstvʲɪjə]

Note on впоследствии: This word has stress on the third syllable ('slʲed'). It can be challenging for English speakers due to the soft consonants and vowel reductions in fast speech.

Audio: []

затем: [zaˈtʲem]

Note on затем: Stress is on the second syllable ('tʲem'). It's relatively simple, with a clear 'z' sound, but be aware of the soft 'tʲ' which is softer than in English.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning: Afterwards or following in time (indicating sequence or subsequent events).

Translation(s) & Context:

• впоследствии - Used in formal contexts, such as historical narratives or legal documents, to denote events that occur after another (e.g., in timelines or reports).
• затем - Applied in informal or everyday contexts to show immediate sequence, like in conversations or instructions (e.g., step-by-step directions).

Usage Examples:

• Он переехал в другой город, а впоследствии открыл собственный бизнес.

  He moved to another city and subsequently opened his own business.

• Я закончил работу, затем решил пойти на прогулку.

  I finished work and subsequently decided to go for a walk.

• После аварии пациент был госпитализирован, и впоследствии полностью выздоровел.

  After the accident, the patient was hospitalized and subsequently fully recovered.

• Она прочитала книгу, затем поделилась своими мыслями с друзьями.

  She read the book and subsequently shared her thoughts with friends.

• В ходе расследования были собраны доказательства, и впоследствии преступник был арестован.

  During the investigation, evidence was gathered, and subsequently, the criminal was arrested.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'впоследствии' and 'затем' are adverbs in Russian and do not undergo inflection based on gender, number, case, or tense. They remain unchanged in all contexts, which is typical for many Russian adverbs.

For completeness, here is a simple table illustrating their invariant nature:

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • потом (later; more informal, often used in casual speech; subtle difference: implies a shorter time frame than впоследствии)
  • после (after; used in phrases like "после этого")
• Antonyms:
  • прежде (before; indicates prior events)
  • до (until or before; often used in temporal contexts)

Related Phrases:

• впоследствии выяснилось (subsequently it turned out) - Used to reveal new information after an event, common in storytelling or reports.
• затем что (subsequently because) - Indicates a reason following an action, though less common; implies sequential logic.
• после этого затем (after this, then) - A phrase combining elements to show a clear sequence in instructions or narratives.

Usage Notes:

'Subsequently' corresponds closely to 'впоследствии' in formal English-to-Russian translation, especially in academic or professional contexts, while 'затем' is better for everyday use. Always consider the register: use 'впоследствии' for written or official language to maintain a sophisticated tone, and 'затем' for spoken interactions. Grammatically, these adverbs typically follow the main clause they modify. When choosing between translations, opt for 'впоследствии' if emphasizing long-term consequences, and 'затем' for immediate succession.

Common Errors:

• English learners often confuse 'впоследствии' with 'последовательно' (meaning 'sequentially' or 'consistently'), leading to errors like saying "Я ел последовательно" instead of "Я ел, а впоследствии пошел гулять." Correct usage: 'последовательно' refers to order or consistency, not time sequence. Explanation: Use 'впоследствии' for temporal succession.

• Another mistake is overusing 'затем' in formal writing, e.g., writing "Затем мы обсудим это" in a report when 'впоследствии' would be more appropriate. Correct: Reserve 'затем' for informal contexts to avoid sounding too casual.

Cultural Notes:

Words like 'впоследствии' are prevalent in Russian literature and historical texts, reflecting the language's emphasis on narrative flow and cause-effect relationships, as seen in works by Tolstoy or Dostoevsky. They highlight Russia's cultural value on detailed storytelling and reflection on events over time, rather than immediate action.

Related Concepts:

• потом
• после
• вначале
• прежде