Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'resistant'

English Word: resistant

Key Russian Translations:

• стойкий [ˈstoɪkʲɪj] - [Formal, used for emotional or physical endurance]
• устойчивый [ʊˈstoɪʧʲɪvɨj] - [Formal, Scientific, used in technical or medical contexts]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in literature, scientific texts, and everyday conversations about resilience or stability)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of adjective inflections and contextual usage; стойкий may be easier for beginners, while устойчивый is more advanced due to its scientific connotations)

Pronunciation (Russian):

стойкий: [ˈstoɪkʲɪj]

Note on стойкий: The stress is on the first syllable; the soft 'й' sound can be challenging for English speakers, similar to the 'y' in "yes" but softer.

устойчивый: [ʊˈstoɪʧʲɪvɨj]

Note on устойчивый: Stress on the second syllable; the 'ч' sound is like the 'ch' in "church," and the word often has a more guttural quality in fast speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Able to withstand force, pressure, or adverse conditions (e.g., physical or emotional resistance)

Translation(s) & Context:

• стойкий - Used in everyday or literary contexts to describe someone or something that endures hardship, such as in personal stories or historical narratives.

Usage Examples:

• Он стойкий воин, который не сдается в бою. (He is a resistant warrior who does not give up in battle.)

  He is a resistant warrior who does not give up in battle.

• Ее стойкий характер помог ей преодолеть трудности. (Her resistant character helped her overcome difficulties.)

  Her resistant character helped her overcome difficulties.

• Этот материал стойкий к экстремальным температурам. (This material is resistant to extreme temperatures.)

  This material is resistant to extreme temperatures.

• В тяжелые времена люди становятся стойкими. (In hard times, people become resistant.)

  In hard times, people become resistant.

Meaning 2: Immune or unaffected by something, such as in scientific or medical contexts (e.g., resistant to disease)

Translation(s) & Context:

• устойчивый - Typically used in technical, medical, or environmental discussions, such as describing bacteria or materials that resist change.

Usage Examples:

• Бактерия устойчивый к антибиотикам. (The bacterium is resistant to antibiotics.)

  The bacterium is resistant to antibiotics.

• Эта система устойчивый к внешним воздействиям. (This system is resistant to external influences.)

  This system is resistant to external influences.

• Растения в этом регионе устойчивый к засухе. (Plants in this region are resistant to drought.)

  Plants in this region are resistant to drought.

• Технология делает устройства устойчивый к повреждениям. (Technology makes devices resistant to damage.)

  Technology makes devices resistant to damage.

• Человек может стать устойчивый к определенным вирусам со временем. (A person can become resistant to certain viruses over time.)

  A person can become resistant to certain viruses over time.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both translations are adjectives and follow standard Russian adjective inflection patterns, which vary by gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.

Note: These adjectives are regular and follow the standard first-declension pattern. They do not have irregular forms, making them relatively straightforward for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • твердый (tverdyy) - Similar to стойкий, but implies more rigidity; often used for physical strength.
  • выносливый (vynoslivyy) - Synonymous with стойкий in endurance contexts, but emphasizes patience.
• Antonyms:
  • слабый (slabiy) - Directly opposite to both, meaning weak or fragile.
  • неустойчивый (neustoychivyy) - Antonym of устойчивый, meaning unstable or prone to change.

Related Phrases:

• стойкий к изменениям - (Resistant to changes; used in contexts of adaptability or stability in personal or environmental scenarios.)
• устойчивый иммунитет - (Resistant immunity; common in medical discussions about disease resistance.)
• быть стойким в борьбе - (To be resistant in the fight; a phrase often used in motivational or historical contexts.)

Usage Notes:

Choose стойкий for general, everyday resistance, especially in emotional or historical contexts, as it carries a sense of moral fortitude. Use устойчивый for scientific or technical scenarios, where precision is key, such as in medicine or engineering. Be mindful of adjective agreement with nouns in gender, number, and case. For example, if the English word 'resistant' describes a feminine noun, the Russian adjective must be inflected accordingly (e.g., стойкая for a female subject). In formal writing, устойчивый is preferred for its neutrality, while стойкий adds a heroic connotation that might not always align with the English usage.

Common Errors:

• Confusing gender agreement: Learners often use the masculine form (e.g., стойкий) with feminine nouns, like saying "Она стойкий" instead of "Она стойкая." Correct usage: "Она стойкая" (She is resistant). This error stems from English's lack of gender, so always check the noun's gender first.
• Overusing in informal contexts: Mistakenly applying устойчивый in casual speech, e.g., saying "Я устойчивый к холоду" when "Я стойкий к холоду" would be more natural. Explanation: устойчивый sounds overly technical in everyday talk, making the sentence feel stiff.
• Case mismatches: Forgetting to change the adjective in phrases, e.g., using "стойкий к" in genitive contexts without proper inflection, like "в стойкий время" instead of "в стойкое время." Correct: Ensure the adjective matches the case, such as in prepositional phrases.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like стойкий often evoke themes of historical resilience, such as during World War II or the Soviet era, where endurance against adversity is celebrated in literature and folklore. For instance, it aligns with the cultural ideal of the "stoic hero" in works by authors like Tolstoy, emphasizing mental and physical toughness as a national trait.

Related Concepts:

• выносливый
• твердый
• непокорный