Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'protrude'

English Word: protrude

Key Russian Translations:

• Выступать [vɨˈstupətʲ] - [Verb, Formal, often used in descriptive or scientific contexts]
• Торчать [tɐrʲˈt͡ɕitʲ] - [Verb, Informal, commonly used in everyday conversation]

Frequency: Medium (This verb and its variants appear regularly in both written and spoken Russian, but not as commonly as basic verbs like "быть" or "идти".)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, based on CEFR; requires understanding of verb conjugations and context-specific usage. For "Выступать", it's B1; for "Торчать", it's A2 due to its simplicity.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Выступать: [vɨˈstupətʲ]

Note on Выступать: The stress falls on the second syllable ("сту"), which can be tricky for English speakers due to Russian's mobile stress patterns. Ensure a clear "у" sound, similar to "oo" in "food".

Audio: []

Торчать: [tɐrʲˈt͡ɕitʲ]

Note on Торчать: The "ч" is a palatalized "ch" sound, like in "church", and the stress is on the second syllable. This word is often pronounced more casually in informal speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To stick out or extend beyond a surface (primary meaning of "protrude")

Translation(s) & Context:

• Выступать - Used in formal contexts, such as descriptions in literature, science, or architecture, to indicate something extending outward.
• Торчать - Applied in informal settings, like casual conversations about objects or body parts sticking out awkwardly.

Usage Examples:

• Его локоть выступал из рукава куртки, вызывая неудобство.

  His elbow was protruding from the sleeve of his jacket, causing discomfort. (This example shows "выступать" in a descriptive, everyday context.)

• Ветка дерева торчала над забором, мешая прохожим.

  The tree branch was protruding over the fence, obstructing passersby. (Here, "торчать" illustrates an informal description of an obstacle.)

• В архитектурном дизайне колонны часто выступают, чтобы подчеркнуть структуру здания.

  In architectural design, columns often protrude to emphasize the building's structure. (This demonstrates "выступать" in a professional or technical context.)

• Его волосы торчали во все стороны после сна.

  His hair was protruding in all directions after sleep. (An informal use of "торчать" to describe a messy appearance.)

• Камень выступал из земли, угрожая повредить велосипед.

  The stone was protruding from the ground, threatening to damage the bicycle. (This shows "выступать" in a narrative context with potential consequences.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "Выступать" and "Торчать" are verbs, so they follow Russian conjugation patterns. "Выступать" is an imperfective verb, while "Торчать" is also imperfective and follows a simpler pattern. Below is a table for key inflections:

Note: "Выступать" has regular conjugations based on its stem, while "Торчать" is also regular but simpler. These verbs do not have perfective counterparts in this exact sense, but related perfectives like "выступить" exist for completed actions.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms: Выдаваться (to jut out, more formal), Торчать (already listed, but can be synonymous in casual use) - Выдаваться is preferred in poetic or precise descriptions.
• Antonyms: Скрываться (to hide), Исчезать (to disappear) - These imply the opposite of extending outward.

Related Phrases:

• Выступать вперед - To step forward or protrude prominently (used in contexts like public speaking or physical movement).
• Торчать на виду - To stick out in plain sight (informal phrase for something being obviously visible, often with a sense of annoyance).
• Выступать за край - To protrude over the edge (common in descriptions of overhanging structures or objects).

Usage Notes:

"Protrude" translates most accurately to "выступать" in formal English-Russian contexts, such as technical or literary writing, due to its precise connotation of extension. In contrast, "торчать" is better for informal scenarios, like everyday conversations, and carries a slightly humorous or negative undertone (e.g., something sticking out awkwardly). Be mindful of context: use "выступать" in professional settings and "торчать" in casual speech. Grammatically, both verbs require agreement with the subject in tense and aspect, and English learners should note that Russian verbs often need aspect pairs for perfective actions (e.g., "выступить" for a completed protrusion).

Common Errors:

• Common mistake: Using "выступать" interchangeably with "торчать" in formal writing, which can make the text sound too casual. Correct usage: In a scientific report, say "Колонна выступает на 10 см" instead of "Колонна торчит на 10 см".
• Another error: Incorrect conjugation, e.g., saying "Выступаетс" instead of "Выступает". Explanation: Russian verbs end in specific forms based on person and number; always check the stem and endings.
• Mistake: Confusing with similar verbs like "выдавать" (to give out or reveal), which doesn't mean "protrude". Correct: Use "выступать" for physical extension, not information disclosure.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like "торчать" can carry a light-hearted or self-deprecating tone, often used in humor to describe unkempt appearances or makeshift situations, reflecting the pragmatic and resilient aspects of everyday Russian life. For instance, in literature by authors like Chekhov, protruding elements might symbolize chaos or imperfection in society.

Related Concepts:

• Выдаваться
• Скрываться
• Исчезать