Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'perpendicular'

English Word: perpendicular

Key Russian Translations:

• перпендикулярный [pʲɪr.pʲɪn.dʲɪ.'kʲu.lʲər.nɨj] - [Formal, Technical]

Frequency: Medium (Common in scientific, mathematical, and technical contexts, but less frequent in everyday conversation.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with technical vocabulary, as per CEFR standards.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

перпендикулярный: [pʲɪr.pʲɪn.dʲɪ.'kʲu.lʲər.nɨj]

Note on перпендикулярный: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ('kʲu), which can be tricky for learners due to the consonant clusters. Pronunciation may vary slightly in rapid speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

In geometry: Lines or planes that intersect at a right angle (90 degrees).

Translation(s) & Context:

• перпендикулярный - Used in mathematical or engineering contexts to describe objects forming a right angle; typically formal and precise.

Usage Examples:

• Эти две линии перпендикулярны друг другу.

  These two lines are perpendicular to each other.

• В архитектуре перпендикулярные стены обеспечивают стабильность конструкции.

  In architecture, perpendicular walls provide stability to the structure.

• Перпендикулярный угол между осями координат упрощает расчеты.

  The perpendicular angle between the coordinate axes simplifies calculations.

• Измерьте, перпендикулярны ли эти поверхности, чтобы избежать ошибок.

  Measure whether these surfaces are perpendicular to avoid errors.

In a broader sense: Something at a right angle, metaphorically or in everyday applications.

Translation(s) & Context:

• перпендикулярный - Occasionally used in non-technical contexts, such as describing alignments in design or physics; still formal.

Usage Examples:

• Перпендикулярное положение руля улучшает маневренность автомобиля.

  The perpendicular position of the steering wheel improves the car's maneuverability.

• В повседневной жизни перпендикулярные линии часто используются в дизайне мебели.

  In everyday life, perpendicular lines are often used in furniture design.

• Убедитесь, что перпендикулярный стык досок прочен.

  Make sure the perpendicular joint of the boards is sturdy.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Перпендикулярный" is an adjective in Russian, which follows the standard pattern for adjectives ending in -ый. It inflects based on gender, number, and case. Below is a table outlining its key inflections:

Note: This adjective does not have irregular forms, making it straightforward for learners once the basic adjective patterns are understood.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • прямой (pryamoy) - Often used in simpler contexts, but less precise for exact right angles; more general for straightness.
  • ортогональный (ortogonal'nyy) - Synonymous in advanced mathematical contexts, implying perpendicularity in vectors.
• Antonyms:
  • параллельный (parallel'nyy) - Indicates lines that never meet, contrasting with perpendicular relationships.
  • косой (kosoy) - Refers to slanted or oblique lines, highlighting non-right-angle intersections.

Related Phrases:

• перпендикулярная линия (perpendikulyarnaya liniya) - A perpendicular line; used in geometry to describe basic shapes.
• угол перпендикулярности (ugol perpendikulyarnosti) - Angle of perpendicularity; refers to a 90-degree angle in technical drawings.
• перпендикулярно к поверхности (perpendikulyarno k poverkhnosti) - Perpendicular to the surface; common in engineering for alignment checks.

Usage Notes:

"Перпендикулярный" directly corresponds to the English "perpendicular" in technical and scientific contexts, emphasizing precise right-angle relationships. It is typically used in formal settings like mathematics, physics, or engineering, and less in casual conversation. When choosing between translations, opt for "перпендикулярный" for exactness in geometric descriptions. Be mindful of its adjectival inflections based on gender, number, and case in Russian sentences. For example, it must agree with the noun it modifies, such as "линия" (feminine), which requires the feminine form.

Common Errors:

• Confusing it with "параллельный" (parallel'nyy): Learners often mix up perpendicular and parallel concepts. Incorrect: "Эти линии параллельны" (meaning they are parallel when they should be perpendicular). Correct: "Эти линии перпендикулярны" (These lines are perpendicular). Explanation: Parallel lines never intersect, while perpendicular ones form a right angle—double-check the context before using.

• Forgetting inflections: Non-native speakers might use the base form everywhere. Incorrect: "Линия перпендикулярный" (wrong gender agreement). Correct: "Линия перпендикулярная" (feminine form). Explanation: Russian adjectives must inflect to match the noun's gender, number, and case for grammatical accuracy.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and education, terms like "перпендикулярный" are heavily emphasized in STEM fields due to Russia's strong tradition in mathematics and engineering. This vocabulary often appears in classic Russian textbooks and is tied to historical figures like Nikolai Lobachevsky, who contributed to non-Euclidean geometry. Understanding such terms can enhance appreciation for Russian scientific heritage, where precision in language mirrors the exactness of the concepts.

Related Concepts:

• ортогональный
• геометрия
• координатная ось
• прямой угол