Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'permeable'

English Word: permeable

Key Russian Translations:

• проницаемый [prɐˈnʲikəjɪmɨj] - [Formal, used in scientific and technical contexts]
• пористый [pɐˈrʲistɨj] - [Informal, specific to materials like fabrics or geological substances]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in scientific, engineering, and educational contexts, but not in everyday casual conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with technical vocabulary and basic understanding of Russian adjective forms, though 'проницаемый' is more advanced due to its scientific connotation)

Pronunciation (Russian):

проницаемый: [prɐˈnʲikəjɪmɨj]

Note on проницаемый: The stress falls on the third syllable ('ni'), which is a common challenge for English speakers due to Russian's variable stress patterns. Pronounce the 'й' sound softly, like a 'y' in "yes".

Audio: []

пористый: [pɐˈrʲistɨj]

Note on пористый: The 'рʲ' represents a palatalized 'r', which can be tricky; soften it as if saying "ry" in "rye". Stress is on the second syllable.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Capable of allowing fluids, gases, or other substances to pass through, often in a scientific or material context.

Translation(s) & Context:

• проницаемый - Used in formal scientific discussions, such as describing membranes in biology or physics; appropriate for academic writing or professional settings.
• пористый - Applied in everyday or informal contexts, like describing porous materials in construction or textiles; less formal than проницаемый.

Usage Examples:

• Эта мембрана проницаема для воды и газов, что делает её идеальной для фильтрации.

  This membrane is permeable to water and gases, making it ideal for filtration.

• Пористый камень позволяет влаге проникать внутрь, предотвращая накопление воды.

  The porous stone allows moisture to permeate through, preventing water buildup.

• В эксперименте мы использовали проницаемый материал, чтобы наблюдать за диффузией молекул.

  In the experiment, we used a permeable material to observe the diffusion of molecules.

• Поверхность ткани пористая, поэтому она быстро впитывает жидкость.

  The fabric's surface is porous, so it absorbs liquid quickly.

• Проницаемые барьеры в экологии помогают в сохранении биоразнообразия.

  Permeable barriers in ecology aid in preserving biodiversity.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'проницаемый' and 'пористый' are adjectives in Russian, which inflect based on gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify and follow standard patterns for short and long forms.

For 'проницаемый' (irregular in some contexts due to its derived form):

For 'пористый' (regular adjective):

Note: These adjectives do not have short forms in most modern usages, but if used predicatively, they remain unchanged.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • проницающий (pronikayushchiy) - Similar but often used for active penetration; more dynamic connotation.
  • пенетрирующий (penetriruyushchiy) - Borrowed from English, used in technical contexts with a precise meaning.
• Antonyms:
  • непроницаемый (nepronikayemyy) - Completely impermeable, opposite in scientific contexts.
  • непористый (neporistyy) - Non-porous, used for materials that block passage.

Related Phrases:

• Проницаемая мембрана - A permeable membrane; used in biology and chemistry to describe filters.
• Пористая структура - Porous structure; common in geology or material science for describing rock formations.
• Проницаемый барьер - Permeable barrier; refers to environmental or engineering applications, allowing selective passage.

Usage Notes:

In English, 'permeable' is a neutral adjective often used in scientific contexts, and its Russian equivalents follow suit. Choose 'проницаемый' for formal or technical writing to match the precise meaning, while 'пористый' is better for everyday descriptions of physical materials. Be mindful of gender and case agreement in Russian sentences, as adjectives must align with the noun (e.g., 'проницаемая' for feminine nouns). In spoken Russian, these words are more common in educated or professional speech rather than casual conversations.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'проницаемый' interchangeably with 'пористый' without context. For example, an English learner might say "пористый мембрана" when describing a biological membrane, which is incorrect because 'пористый' implies physical holes, not selective permeability.

  Correct: "проницаемая мембрана" – This maintains the scientific accuracy.

  Explanation: 'Пористый' focuses on physical porosity, while 'проницаемый' emphasizes the ability to pass substances, so context matters to avoid imprecision.

• Error: Forgetting adjective inflections, e.g., saying "проницаемый дом" instead of "проницаемом доме" in the genitive case.

  Correct: "в проницаемом доме" – Ensure the adjective agrees in case for grammatical correctness.

  Explanation: Russian requires full agreement, which English speakers often overlook due to English's simpler adjective system.

Cultural Notes:

While 'permeable' and its Russian translations don't carry strong cultural connotations, they are frequently used in Russian scientific literature and education, reflecting Russia's emphasis on engineering and environmental sciences. For instance, in discussions of the Arctic environment, terms like 'проницаемый' appear in contexts related to permafrost and soil permeability, highlighting Russia's geographical challenges.

Related Concepts:

• фильтрация (filtration)
• диффузия (diffusion)
• поглощение (absorption)