Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'protrusive'

English Word: protrusive

Key Russian Translations:

• выступающий ([vɨˈstupəjʊʂʲɪj]) - [Adjective, Formal]
• выдающийся ([vɨˈdaˈtʂʲnɨj]) - [Adjective, Formal; often implies prominence or excellence, not just physical protrusion]

Frequency: Medium (This word and its translations are commonly encountered in descriptive contexts like architecture, anatomy, or everyday descriptions, but not in casual conversation.)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; learners at this level should understand basic adjective forms, but mastering nuances and inflections may require practice. For 'выступающий', it's B1; for 'выдающийся', it's B2 due to its metaphorical uses.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

выступающий: [vɨˈstupəjʊʂʲɪj]

Note on выступающий: The stress is on the second syllable ('stu'), and the 'щ' sound (as in [ʂʲ]) can be challenging for English speakers, similar to the 'sh' in 'she' but softer and palatalized. Variations may occur in rapid speech.

выдающийся: [vɨˈdaˈtʂʲnɨj]

Note on выдающийся: Stress on the third syllable ('tʂʲnɨj'), with the 'д' softening before vowels. This word has a more emphatic pronunciation in formal contexts.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: Physically sticking out or projecting

Translation(s) & Context:

• выступающий - Used in physical descriptions, such as in architecture or anatomy, to describe something that extends outward (e.g., in formal or technical writing).

Usage Examples:

• Выступающий элемент здания делает его уникальным. (The protruding element of the building makes it unique.)

  Translation: The protruding element of the building makes it unique. (This example shows the adjective in a descriptive context for architecture.)

• Врач заметил выступающий зуб у пациента. (The doctor noticed the protruding tooth in the patient.)

  Translation: The doctor noticed the protruding tooth in the patient. (Illustrates use in medical or anatomical contexts.)

• Выступающий край скалы был опасным для альпинистов. (The protruding edge of the rock was dangerous for climbers.)

  Translation: The protruding edge of the rock was dangerous for climbers. (Demonstrates application in outdoor or adventure scenarios.)

• Этот выступающий дизайн улучшает аэродинамику автомобиля. (This protruding design improves the car's aerodynamics.)

  Translation: This protruding design improves the car's aerodynamics. (Shows technical usage in engineering.)

Secondary Meaning: Metaphorically prominent or outstanding

Translation(s) & Context:

• выдающийся - Used metaphorically to describe something exceptional or standing out in a positive way, such as in achievements or qualities (e.g., in formal discussions or writing).

Usage Examples:

• Выдающийся талант музыканта сделал его знаменитым. (The outstanding talent of the musician made him famous.)

  Translation: The outstanding talent of the musician made him famous. (This highlights metaphorical use in personal achievements.)

• Его выдающаяся речь на конференции была запоминающейся. (His protruding speech at the conference was memorable.) Note: Here, 'protrusive' might be less direct, emphasizing prominence.

  Translation: His outstanding speech at the conference was memorable. (Shows extension to abstract contexts like public speaking.)

• Выдающийся лидер всегда выделяется в толпе. (An outstanding leader always stands out in the crowd.)

  Translation: An outstanding leader always stands out in the crowd. (Illustrates social or leadership contexts.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both primary translations ('выступающий' and 'выдающийся') are adjectives, which inflect based on gender, number, and case in Russian. Russian adjectives follow regular patterns for most cases, but they agree with the nouns they modify.

Note: These are regular adjective inflections. There are no irregular forms for these words, making them straightforward for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • выдающийся – Similar to 'выступающий' in physical contexts, but often used for 'прогрессирующий' (progressing) in metaphorical ones.
  • прочно выступающий – Emphasizes firmness in protrusion.
• Antonyms:
  • вдавленный (indented or recessed) – Used for the opposite of protruding.
  • ровный (even or flat) – Implies no protrusion.

Related Phrases:

• Выступающий элемент – Protruding element (refers to architectural or design features; commonly used in technical descriptions).
• Выдающийся вклад – Outstanding contribution (used in professional or historical contexts to denote significant impact).
• Выступающий вперед – Sticking out forward (a phrase for physical movement or positioning, e.g., in sports or navigation).

Usage Notes:

'Protrusive' directly corresponds to 'выступающий' in physical senses and 'выдающийся' in metaphorical ones. Choose 'выступающий' for literal, everyday descriptions to avoid confusion, as 'выдающийся' can imply excellence. In formal Russian, these adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify. For example, avoid using them in informal slang; stick to standard written or spoken Russian. When translating from English, consider the context: physical vs. abstract.

• Grammar tip: Always ensure adjective-noun agreement, e.g., "выступающий дом" (protruding house) vs. "выступающая стена" (protruding wall).
• Context guidance: In business or academic settings, 'выдающийся' is preferred for achievements, while 'выступающий' suits visual arts or sciences.

Common Errors:

English learners often misuse 'выступающий' by treating it as invariant, forgetting to inflect it. For example, incorrectly saying "выступающий дома" instead of "выступающего дома" (genitive case). Correct usage: "Я увидел выступающий элемент" (I saw the protruding element). Another error is confusing it with 'выдающийся', leading to sentences like "выдающийся зуб" when meaning a physical protrusion—use 'выступающий зуб' instead. Explanation: Russian requires case agreement, so always check the noun's role in the sentence.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like 'выдающийся' often carry a sense of national pride, especially in contexts like literature or history (e.g., referring to 'выдающиеся деятели' or outstanding figures). This reflects Russia's emphasis on intellectual and artistic achievements, as seen in figures like Pushkin, which can add a layer of respect or formality when used.

Related Concepts:

• прогрессирующий (progressing)
• выступ (protrusion or ledge)
• доминирующий (dominating)