Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'pathology'

English Word: pathology

Key Russian Translations:

• Патология [pətɐˈloɡʲɪjə] - [Formal, Technical/Medical]

Frequency: Medium (Common in medical and scientific contexts, but less frequent in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with technical vocabulary and basic medical terminology)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Патология: [pətɐˈloɡʲɪjə]

Note on Патология: The stress falls on the third syllable ("loɡʲ"). Be mindful of the palatalized 'гʲ' sound, which is a common challenge for English speakers. Variations in pronunciation may occur based on regional dialects, such as in Russian-speaking areas.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: The study of diseases, including their causes, processes, and effects.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Патология - Used in formal medical or scientific discussions to refer to the branch of medicine dealing with disease analysis. Context: Academic papers, hospital settings, or educational environments.

Usage Examples:

• Врачи изучают патологию для понимания причин заболеваний.

  Doctors study pathology to understand the causes of diseases.

• Патология сердца может быть выявлена с помощью специальных тестов.

  Pathology of the heart can be detected using special tests.

• В университете я специализируюсь на патологии и микробиологии.

  At university, I specialize in pathology and microbiology.

• Изучение патологии помогает в диагностике рака на ранних стадиях.

  Studying pathology helps in diagnosing cancer at early stages.

• Современная патология использует передовые технологии для анализа тканей.

  Modern pathology employs advanced technologies for tissue analysis.

Secondary Meaning: Any abnormal or unhealthy condition in a living organism.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Патология - Applied in broader contexts to describe disease states, often in clinical reports. Context: Everyday medical conversations or patient descriptions.

Usage Examples:

• Эта патология требует немедленного лечения.

  This pathology requires immediate treatment.

• В его анализах обнаружена патология печени.

  A pathology of the liver was found in his tests.

• Патология нервной системы часто проявляется в виде хронической усталости.

  Pathology of the nervous system often manifests as chronic fatigue.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Патология is a feminine noun in Russian (from Greek origin). It follows the standard first declension pattern for feminine nouns ending in -ия. Below is a table outlining its key inflections:

Note: This word does not have irregular inflections, making it relatively straightforward for learners. In plural form, it is used when referring to multiple types of pathologies.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Болезнь (Bolest') - More general term for disease, often used interchangeably in casual contexts.
  • Патологическое состояние (Patologicheskoye sostoaniye) - Emphasizes the abnormal state, with a slight nuance towards condition rather than study.
• Antonyms:
  • Здоровье (Zdorov'ye) - Health, directly opposite in medical contexts.
  • Норма (Norma) - Norm or standard, implying absence of abnormality.

Related Phrases:

• Медицинская патология (Medicinskaya patologiya) - Medical pathology; refers to the field in healthcare. (Used in professional settings to specify the medical branch.)
• Патология тканей (Patologiya tkanei) - Pathology of tissues; common in diagnostic contexts. (Emphasizes examination of biological samples.)
• Клиническая патология (Klinicheskaya patologiya) - Clinical pathology; involves patient-related diagnostics. (Often used in hospital environments.)

Usage Notes:

Патология directly corresponds to the English "pathology" in medical contexts, but it's primarily used in formal or technical settings. English speakers should note that Russian often requires the appropriate case for grammatical agreement, such as in prepositional phrases (e.g., "о патологии" for "about pathology"). When choosing between translations, use "патология" for both the scientific field and abnormal conditions, but avoid it in everyday casual talk where simpler terms like "болезнь" might suffice. Be aware of its feminine gender, which affects adjective agreements (e.g., "серьёзная патология" for "serious pathology").

Common Errors:

• Error: Using the word in the wrong case, e.g., saying "из патология" instead of "из патологии" (genitive case). Correct: "Из патологии" means "from pathology." Explanation: Russian nouns must agree in case with prepositions; this mistake often stems from direct word-for-word translation from English.

• Error: Confusing it with similar-sounding words like "психология" (psychology). Correct: Ensure context clarifies; for example, use "медицинская патология" to specify. Explanation: Both end in -ология, but mixing them can lead to misunderstandings in professional discussions.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and medical history, "патология" reflects the influence of Western scientific traditions, particularly from the 19th-century advancements in medicine. It's a neutral term without strong cultural connotations, but in post-Soviet contexts, it may evoke memories of state-funded healthcare systems where pathology played a key role in public health diagnostics.

Related Concepts:

• Диагностика (Diagnostika)
• Анатомия (Anatomiya)
• Терапия (Terapiya)