Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'pastoralism'

English Word: pastoralism

Key Russian Translations:

• кочевничество [kɐˈʂɛvnʲɪt͡stvə] - [Formal, used in academic or historical contexts]
• пастбищное хозяйство [pɐstʲˈbʲiʂnəjə xɐˈzʲajstvə] - [Formal, technical term in agriculture]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in discussions of history, anthropology, and rural economies, but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with Russian nominal structures and vocabulary related to social sciences, with "кочевничество" being slightly easier than "пастбищное хозяйство" due to its more straightforward usage)

Pronunciation (Russian):

кочевничество: [kɐˈʂɛvnʲɪt͡stvə]

пастбищное хозяйство: [pɐstʲˈbʲiʂnəjə xɐˈzʲajstvə]

Note on кочевничество: The 'щ' sound (as in [ʂ]) can be challenging for English speakers; it's a voiceless retroflex fricative, similar to the 'sh' in "she" but with a more curled tongue. Variations may occur in dialects.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

The practice of herding and grazing livestock, often in nomadic or semi-nomadic communities.

Translation(s) & Context:

• кочевничество - Used in contexts describing nomadic lifestyles, such as in historical or anthropological discussions.
• пастбищное хозяйство - Applied in more agricultural or economic contexts, focusing on pasture-based farming systems.

Usage Examples:

• Кочевое скотоводство было основным способом выживания для кочевых племен в Центральной Азии.

  Pastoralism was the primary means of survival for nomadic tribes in Central Asia.

• В современном мире пастбищное хозяйство сталкивается с вызовами, такими как климатические изменения и урбанизация.

  In the modern world, pastoralism faces challenges such as climate change and urbanization.

• Многие культуры сохраняют традиции кочевничества, несмотря на переход к оседлому образу жизни.

  Many cultures maintain traditions of pastoralism despite shifting to a settled way of life.

• Пастбищное хозяйство в России часто включает разведение овец и коров на обширных степях.

  Pastoralism in Russia often involves breeding sheep and cows on vast steppes.

• Изучение кочевничества помогает понять социальные структуры древних обществ.

  Studying pastoralism helps to understand the social structures of ancient societies.

A broader socio-economic system involving mobile livestock herding.

Translation(s) & Context:

• кочевничество - Emphasized in cultural or historical narratives, particularly for groups like the Mongols or Siberian peoples.
• пастбищное хозяйство - More common in economic reports or agricultural policy discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Кочевничество как форма пастбищного хозяйства повлияло на развитие многих азиатских цивилизаций.

  Pastoralism as a form of mobile herding influenced the development of many Asian civilizations.

• Современные фермеры адаптируют пастбищное хозяйство к устойчивым практикам.

  Modern farmers are adapting pastoralism to sustainable practices.

• В кочевничестве подчеркивается мобильность, что отличает его от традиционного земледелия.

  Pastoralism emphasizes mobility, which sets it apart from traditional agriculture.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "кочевничество" and "пастбищное хозяйство" are nouns. "Кочевничество" is a neuter noun (ср. род) and follows the standard third declension pattern for abstract nouns, while "пастбищное хозяйство" is a neuter noun phrase that includes an adjective ("пастбищное") modifying "хозяйство".

Note: These nouns are relatively regular but can be invariant in certain fixed expressions. "Пастбищное хозяйство" as a compound may not always inflect the adjective if used attributively.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • пастушество (more poetic, emphasizing shepherding)
  • скотоводство (broader term for animal husbandry, with a slight focus on cattle)
• Antonyms:
  • оседлый образ жизни (settled way of life)
  • земледелие (agriculture, implying fixed farming)

Related Phrases:

• кочевое племя - A nomadic tribe; refers to groups practicing pastoralism in a cultural context.
• пастбищные земли - Pasture lands; commonly used in discussions of land management for livestock.
• традиционное кочевничество - Traditional pastoralism; highlights cultural heritage in modern settings.

Usage Notes:

"Кочевничество" directly corresponds to the nomadic aspect of pastoralism and is preferred in historical or ethnographic contexts, while "пастбищное хозяйство" aligns more with economic or agricultural applications. Use "кочевничество" for cultural discussions to emphasize mobility and tradition, but opt for "пастбищное хозяйство" in formal reports. Be mindful of Russian's case system when integrating these into sentences, as they often require genitive or instrumental forms. For English speakers, note that Russian vocabulary in this area may carry connotations of historical resilience, so context matters in translations.

Common Errors:

• Confusing "кочевничество" with "кочевство" (a less common variant); correct: Use "кочевничество" for standard pastoralism, as "кочевство" implies mere wandering without economic focus. Example of error: *Я изучаю кочевство* (incorrect for pastoralism); Correct: Я изучаю кочевничество.
• Overusing the nominative case; Error: *О кочевничество* (wrong prepositional form); Correct: *О кочевничестве* and explain that prepositional case is needed after prepositions like "о".
• Mixing with unrelated terms; Error: Translating as "пастух" alone (meaning just "shepherd"); Correct: Use full phrases like "пастбищное хозяйство" to capture the systemic aspect.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, terms like "кочевничество" often evoke the history of nomadic peoples such as the Scythians, Mongols, or Siberian indigenous groups, symbolizing adaptability and freedom in harsh environments. This contrasts with Russia's agrarian traditions, highlighting a tension between mobility and settlement in national identity.

Related Concepts:

• аграрный
• кочевое скотоводство
• степной образ жизни