Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'enact'

English Word: enact

Key Russian Translations:

• принимать [prɪˈnʲimatʲ] - [Formal; used in legal or official contexts, such as passing laws]
• осуществлять [ɐˈsut͡ɕɪstvəlʲɪtʲ] - [Formal; more general, implying carrying out or implementing actions]
• исполнять [ɪsˈpolʲnʲatʲ] - [Semi-formal; often used for performing or enacting in a theatrical sense]

Frequency: Medium (Common in legal, administrative, and artistic discussions, but not everyday casual speech)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and context-specific usage. For 'принимать', it's B2; for 'осуществлять', it might lean towards B2-C1 due to its abstract nature.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

принимать: [prɪˈnʲimatʲ]

осуществлять: [ɐˈsut͡ɕɪstvəlʲɪtʲ]

исполнять: [ɪsˈpolʲnʲatʲ]

Note on принимать: The stress is on the second syllable; be mindful of the soft 'н' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers. Variations may occur in rapid speech.

Note on осуществлять: This word has a complex consonant cluster; practice the 'щ' sound, which is similar to 'shch' in English "fresh cheese".

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To make (a law or bill) into law

Translation(s) & Context:

• принимать - Used in formal legal settings, such as parliamentary discussions or official documents.
• осуществлять - Applied in broader implementation contexts, like enforcing a policy.

Usage Examples:

• Парламент принял новый закон о защите окружающей среды.

  The parliament enacted a new law on environmental protection.

• Правительство осуществляет реформы для улучшения экономики.

  The government is enacting reforms to improve the economy.

• Закон был принят несмотря на протесты оппозиции.

  The law was enacted despite protests from the opposition.

• Чтобы осуществить эту политику, потребуются дополнительные ресурсы.

  To enact this policy, additional resources will be required.

• Принятие закона прошло гладко в первом чтении.

  The enactment of the law went smoothly in the first reading.

To perform or act out (e.g., a scene in a play)

Translation(s) & Context:

• исполнять - Common in artistic or theatrical contexts, emphasizing performance.
• осуществлять - Less common here, but used metaphorically for bringing ideas to life.

Usage Examples:

• Актеры исполняют главные роли в этой пьесе Шекспира.

  The actors are enacting the lead roles in this Shakespeare play.

• В театре мы увидим, как осуществляют классические драмы.

  In the theater, we'll see how they enact classical dramas.

• Эта сцена исполняется с большим эмоциональным накалом.

  This scene is enacted with great emotional intensity.

• Режиссер помогает актерам осуществить видение сценария.

  The director helps the actors enact the vision of the script.

• Исполнение роли требует точного понимания характера.

  Enacting the role requires a precise understanding of the character.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

These translations are primarily verbs, which in Russian undergo conjugation based on tense, aspect, person, and number. 'Принимать' and 'осуществлять' are imperfective verbs, while 'исполнять' can be used in both imperfective and perfective forms. Below is a table for 'принимать' as an example; similar patterns apply to others with variations.

Form	Present Tense	Past Tense	Future Tense
I (я)	принимаю	принимал(а)	буду принимать
You (ты)	принимаешь	принимал(а)	будешь принимать
He/She/It (он/она/оно)	принимает	принимал(а/о)	будет принимать
We (мы)	принимаем	принимали	будем принимать
You (вы)	принимаете	принимали	будете принимать
They (они)	принимают	принимали	будут принимать

For 'осуществлять', it follows a similar irregular pattern due to its complexity, but it is less frequently used in casual speech. 'Исполнять' has a perfective counterpart 'исполнить'. Words like these do not change for gender or number in the infinitive form but adjust in conjugated forms.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • утверждать (utverzhdat') - Similar to 'принимать' in legal contexts, but implies confirmation.
  • вводить (vvodit') - Often synonymous with 'осуществлять' for implementation.
  • проявлять (proyavlyat') - A softer synonym for 'исполнять' in artistic senses.
• Antonyms:
  • отменять (otmenyat') - Directly opposes 'принимать' in legal contexts.
  • прекращать (prekrashchat') - Antonym of 'осуществлять', meaning to stop or halt.
  • игнорировать (ignorirovat') - Opposes 'исполнять' by implying neglect.

Related Phrases:

• Принять закон - To enact a law; used in legislative discussions.
• Осуществить план - To enact a plan; refers to putting ideas into action.
• Исполнить роль - To enact a role; common in theater or performance arts.
• Ввести в действие - To enact into effect; a formal phrase for implementation.

Usage Notes:

In English, 'enact' often carries a sense of formal action, which aligns closely with Russian verbs like 'принимать' for laws or 'исполнять' for performances. However, Russian usage is more context-dependent: choose 'принимать' for official or governmental scenarios to match the precise legal connotation, while 'осуществлять' is better for broader implementation. Be aware of aspect in Russian verbs—'принимать' is imperfective, implying ongoing action, whereas its perfective form 'принять' indicates completion. In informal speech, these words are rare; opt for simpler alternatives like 'сделать' in everyday contexts. When translating, consider the audience: formal Russian is preferred in professional settings.

Common Errors:

• Confusing aspect: English learners often misuse the imperfective and perfective forms. For example, incorrectly saying 'Я принимаю закон' when meaning a completed action; correct is 'Я принял закон'. Error: 'Я принимаю закон сейчас' (implying ongoing, which might not fit); Explanation: Use perfective 'принял' for finished actions to avoid ambiguity.

• Overgeneralizing translations: Learners might use 'принимать' for all senses of 'enact', leading to errors like 'Я принимаю роль в фильме' (incorrect; better is 'исполняю'). Error: 'Принимаю пьесу'; Correct: 'Исполняю пьесу'; Explanation: Match the verb to the context to prevent semantic mismatches.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, the act of 'enacting' laws or policies often reflects historical contexts like the Soviet era, where terms like 'принимать' were tied to centralized decision-making. For theatrical 'enactment', Russian drama (e.g., Chekhov or Stanislavski's methods) emphasizes emotional depth, so 'исполнять' carries a cultural weight of expressive performance rather than mere recitation.

Related Concepts:

• закон (zakon) - Law
• реформа (reforma) - Reform
• спектакль (spektakl) - Performance or play
• внедрение (vnedreniye) - Implementation