Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'efficacy'

English Word: efficacy

Key Russian Translations:

• эффективность (/ɪfʲɪkˈtʲivnəsʲtʲ/) - [Formal, used in scientific, medical, or professional contexts]
• действенность (/dʲɪjˈstʲvʲɪnnəsʲtʲ/) - [Formal, often in legal or practical applications; implies practical effectiveness]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in technical, academic, and everyday discussions about results or outcomes, but not as frequent as basic vocabulary).

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of abstract concepts and nominal inflections; for 'эффективность', B2; for 'действенность', also B2 due to similar grammatical structures).

Pronunciation (Russian):

эффективность: /ɪfʲɪkˈtʲivnəsʲtʲ/ (Note on эффективность: The stress falls on the third syllable; be mindful of the palatalized 'тʲ' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers due to the soft consonant.)

действенность: /dʲɪjˈstʲvʲɪnnəsʲtʲ/ (Note on действенность: Pronounce the initial 'дʲ' softly, similar to 'dy' in 'duty'; variations may occur in faster speech.)

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: The ability to produce a desired or intended result, especially in contexts like medicine, technology, or efficiency.

Translation(s) & Context:

• эффективность - Used in formal settings, such as scientific reports or evaluations, to discuss the effectiveness of a method or treatment.
• действенность - Applied in practical or legal contexts, emphasizing real-world application rather than theoretical potential.

Usage Examples:

• Эффективность этого лекарства была доказана в клинических испытаниях.

  The efficacy of this medicine was proven in clinical trials.

• Действенность новых законов по охране окружающей среды еще предстоит оценить.

  The efficacy of the new environmental protection laws still needs to be assessed.

• В бизнесе эффективность команды напрямую влияет на общий успех проекта.

  In business, the efficacy of the team directly impacts the overall success of the project.

• Эффективность энергетических решений зависит от инноваций и инвестиций.

  The efficacy of energy solutions depends on innovation and investments.

• Действенность терапии может варьироваться в зависимости от индивидуальных факторов.

  The efficacy of therapy can vary depending on individual factors.

Secondary Meaning: The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired effect, often in abstract or evaluative contexts.

Translation(s) & Context:

• эффективность - Common in academic or analytical discussions, focusing on measurable outcomes.
• действенность - Used when emphasizing practical results, such as in policy implementation.

Usage Examples:

• Эффективность обучения онлайн возросла благодаря новым технологиям.

  The efficacy of online learning has increased thanks to new technologies.

• Действенность мер по борьбе с коррупцией остается под вопросом.

  The efficacy of anti-corruption measures remains in question.

• В науке эффективность эксперимента оценивается по повторяемости результатов.

  In science, the efficacy of an experiment is evaluated based on the repeatability of results.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'эффективность' and 'действенность' are feminine nouns in Russian, following the standard patterns of third-declension nouns. They are inflected based on case, number, and gender. Below is a table outlining the key inflections for 'эффективность' (as an example; 'действенность' follows similar rules).

For 'действенность', the inflections are identical in structure. These nouns do not have irregular forms but require attention to soft endings in certain cases.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • эффективность - Similar to 'успешность' (uspeshnost', successfulness), but more focused on results.
  • действенность - Synonymous with 'результативность' (rezultativnost', result-orientedness), often interchangeable in practical contexts.
• Antonyms:
  • Неэффективность (neeffektivnost', ineffectiveness)
  • Бесполезность (bespoleznost', uselessness)

Related Phrases:

• Высокая эффективность - High efficacy; used to describe superior performance in professional settings.
• Потеря действенности - Loss of efficacy; common in discussions about outdated methods or treatments.
• Оценка эффективности - Evaluation of efficacy; a phrase in research or analysis contexts.

Usage Notes:

'Эффективность' directly corresponds to the English 'efficacy' in formal contexts like medicine or science, while 'действенность' emphasizes practical application. Choose 'эффективность' for abstract evaluations and 'действенность' for real-world scenarios. Be aware of grammatical gender (feminine) and ensure proper case agreement in sentences. In informal speech, these words are less common, so stick to written or professional Russian.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Confusing 'эффективность' with 'эффект' (effect), leading to incorrect usage like "Эффект лекарства" instead of "Эффективность лекарства". Correct: Use 'эффективность' for efficacy, as it specifies the quality of producing results. Explanation: 'Эффект' refers to the immediate outcome, not the overall ability.
• Mistake: Forgetting inflections, e.g., using nominative in all cases like "о эффективности" instead of correctly inflecting as needed. Correct: Always adjust for case, such as genitive "эффективности". Explanation: This can make sentences grammatically incorrect and confuse native speakers.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, terms like 'эффективность' are heavily emphasized in post-Soviet contexts, particularly in business and governance reforms. For instance, during economic transitions, discussions of efficacy often tie into historical inefficiencies under central planning, highlighting a cultural value on measurable progress and practicality.

Related Concepts:

• Эффективный (effective, as an adjective)
• Результат (result)
• Успех (success)