Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Deduct'

English Word: Deduct

Key Russian Translations:

• вычитать [ˈvɨt͡ɕɪtʲatʲ] - [Formal, Used in mathematical or financial contexts]
• удерживать [ʊdʲɪrˈʐɨvətʲ] - [Formal, Often used for deductions from salary or payments]
• выводить [vɨˈvodʲɪtʲ] - [Formal/Informal, Used in logical deduction or reasoning]

Frequency: Medium

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) for "вычитать" and "удерживать"; B2 (Upper-Intermediate) for "выводить"

Pronunciation (Russian):

вычитать: [ˈvɨt͡ɕɪtʲatʲ]

Note on вычитать: Stress falls on the first syllable. The "ч" sound is a soft affricate, similar to 'ch' in "church."

удерживать: [ʊdʲɪrˈʐɨvətʲ]

Note on удерживать: Stress on the third syllable. The "ж" sound is a voiced retroflex fricative, like 's' in "measure."

выводить: [vɨˈvodʲɪtʲ]

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. To subtract (mathematical or numerical context)

Translation(s) & Context:

• вычитать - Used when subtracting numbers or amounts in calculations.

Usage Examples:

• Я должен вычитать 10 из 50, чтобы получить результат.

  I need to deduct 10 from 50 to get the result.

• Учитель попросил вычитать меньшее число из большего.

  The teacher asked to subtract the smaller number from the larger one.

• Вычитать налоги из зарплаты — это обычная практика.

  Deducting taxes from salary is a common practice.

2. To withhold or take away (financial context)

Translation(s) & Context:

• удерживать - Used for deductions from wages, payments, or funds.

Usage Examples:

• Компания удерживает 13% налога из моей зарплаты.

  The company deducts 13% tax from my salary.

• Они удерживали часть суммы за штрафы.

  They deducted part of the amount for penalties.

3. To deduce or infer (logical reasoning)

Translation(s) & Context:

• выводить - Used in the context of logical conclusions or reasoning.

Usage Examples:

• Из этих данных можно вывести важный вывод.

  An important conclusion can be deduced from this data.

• Она вывела, что он был виновен, основываясь на фактах.

  She deduced that he was guilty based on the facts.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

вычитать (Verb, Imperfective, Transitive): Regular conjugation in present, past, and future tenses.

удерживать (Verb, Imperfective, Transitive): Follows similar regular conjugation patterns.

выводить (Verb, Imperfective, Transitive): Regular conjugation, often used with prefixes for perfective forms (e.g., вывести).

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for вычитать:

• отнимать
• снимать (in financial contexts)

Note: "отнимать" is more colloquial, while "снимать" is specific to removing sums or amounts.

Antonyms for вычитать:

• прибавлять (to add)

Related Phrases:

• вычитать из суммы - To deduct from the total amount.
• удерживать из зарплаты - To deduct from salary.
• выводить заключение - To deduce a conclusion.

Usage Notes:

• "вычитать" is primarily used in mathematical or numerical subtraction, and sometimes in financial contexts for deductions.
• "удерживать" is strictly used for withholding or deducting amounts, often in legal or payroll contexts.
• "выводить" applies to logical deduction and is not interchangeable with the other two in numerical contexts.
• Ensure the correct verb is chosen based on the context of "deduct" in English, as Russian distinguishes between numerical, financial, and logical deduction.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "вычитать" for logical deduction. Incorrect: "Я вычитаю, что он виновен." Correct: "Я вывожу, что он виновен." (I deduce that he is guilty.)
• Error: Using "удерживать" for mathematical subtraction. Incorrect: "Удерживай 5 из 10." Correct: "Вычти 5 из 10." (Subtract 5 from 10.)

Cultural Notes:

In Russian, financial deductions (like taxes or fees) are often discussed with "удерживать," reflecting a formal and bureaucratic tone common in Russian administrative language. Understanding this verb is crucial when dealing with official documents or payroll discussions in Russia.

Related Concepts:

• налоги (taxes)
• расчёты (calculations)
• логический вывод (logical conclusion)