Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Antagonism'

English Word: antagonism

Key Russian Translations:

• антагонизм [ɐntɐɡɐˈnʲizm] - [Formal, General Use]
• враждебность [vrɐʐˈdʲebnəsʲtʲ] - [Formal/Informal, Emotional Context]
• противодействие [prətʲɪvɐˈdʲejstvʲɪjə] - [Formal, Often in Conflict or Opposition]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in formal and academic contexts)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate) for "антагонизм" and "враждебность"; C1 (Advanced) for "противодействие"

Pronunciation (Russian):

антагонизм: [ɐntɐɡɐˈnʲizm]

Note on антагонизм: Stress falls on the third syllable; the "г" is pronounced as a hard [ɡ].

враждебность: [vrɐʐˈdʲebnəsʲtʲ]

Note on враждебность: Stress on the second syllable; the "ж" is a voiced fricative [ʐ].

противодействие: [prətʲɪvɐˈdʲejstvʲɪjə]

Note on противодействие: Stress on the fourth syllable; a longer word requiring careful articulation.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. Hostility or Opposition (Abstract or Personal)

Translation(s) & Context:

• антагонизм - Often used in abstract or ideological conflicts (e.g., political or social antagonism).
• враждебность - Refers to personal or emotional hostility between individuals or groups.

Usage Examples:

• Между этими партиями существует глубокий антагонизм.

  There is a deep antagonism between these parties.

• Его враждебность к новому коллеге была очевидна.

  His hostility toward the new colleague was obvious.

• Антагонизм между классами усилился в последние годы.

  Class antagonism has intensified in recent years.

2. Active Resistance or Counteraction

Translation(s) & Context:

• противодействие - Used in contexts of active opposition or resistance, often in formal or technical discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Правительство столкнулось с сильным противодействием реформам.

  The government faced strong opposition to the reforms.

• Противодействие изменениям было ожидаемым результатом.

  Resistance to the changes was an expected outcome.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

антагонизм (Noun, Masculine, Inanimate):

Case	Singular
Nominative	антагонизм
Genitive	антагонизма
Dative	антагонизму
Accusative	антагонизм
Instrumental	антагонизмом
Prepositional	об антагонизме

Note: No plural form as it is an abstract concept.

враждебность (Noun, Feminine, Inanimate):

Case	Singular
Nominative	враждебность
Genitive	враждебности
Dative	враждебности
Accusative	враждебность
Instrumental	враждебностью
Prepositional	о враждебности

Note: No plural form as it is an abstract concept.

противодействие (Noun, Neuter, Inanimate): Follows standard neuter noun declension; no plural form.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for антагонизм:

• конфликт (conflict, broader term)
• противоречие (contradiction, often ideological)

Synonyms for враждебность:

• неприязнь (dislike, milder)
• вражда (enmity, stronger)

Antonyms:

• дружелюбие (friendliness)
• сотрудничество (cooperation)

Related Phrases:

• социальный антагонизм - Social antagonism (used in discussions of societal conflicts).
• проявлять враждебность - To show hostility (common in personal interactions).
• оказывать противодействие - To offer resistance (formal, often in policy or strategy contexts).

Usage Notes:

• "Антагонизм" is the most direct translation for "antagonism" in abstract or ideological contexts, such as class or political struggles.
• "Враждебность" conveys a more personal or emotional tone and is suitable for interpersonal hostility.
• "Противодействие" emphasizes active opposition or resistance, often in formal or technical discussions, and may not always carry the emotional weight of "antagonism."
• Be mindful of context when choosing between these translations, as they are not always interchangeable.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "враждебность" in formal or abstract contexts where "антагонизм" is more appropriate.
  Incorrect: Политическая враждебность между странами.
  Correct: Политический антагонизм между странами.
  Explanation: "Враждебность" suggests personal hostility, while "антагонизм" fits ideological or systemic opposition.
• Error: Misusing "противодействие" for emotional hostility.
  Incorrect: Его противодействие к соседу было заметно.
  Correct: Его враждебность к соседу была заметна.
  Explanation: "Противодействие" implies active resistance, not emotional dislike.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, the concept of "антагонизм" is often associated with historical and ideological conflicts, particularly in the context of Soviet-era discussions of class struggle. "Враждебность," on the other hand, may carry a stronger emotional connotation and is often tied to personal or cultural feuds.

Related Concepts:

• конфликт (conflict)
• противоречие (contradiction)
• вражда (enmity)