Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'abusive'

English Word: abusive

Key Russian Translations:

• оскорбительный [ɐskɐrˈbʲitʲɪlʲnɨj] - [Formal, Adjective]
• оскорбляющий [ɐskɐrˈblʲajʊʂːɪj] - [Informal, Participle/Adjective]
• ругательный [rʊˈɡatʲɪlʲnɨj] - [Informal, Adjective, Often for language]

Frequency: Medium

Difficulty: B1-B2 (Intermediate) for all translations

Pronunciation (Russian):

оскорбительный: [ɐskɐrˈbʲitʲɪlʲnɨj]

Note on оскорбительный: Stress falls on the third syllable. The 'л' sound is palatalized, which may be challenging for non-native speakers.

оскорбляющий: [ɐskɐrˈblʲajʊʂːɪj]

Note on оскорбляющий: Pay attention to the soft 'л' and the long 'щ' sound.

ругательный: [rʊˈɡatʲɪlʲnɨj]

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. Insulting or Offensive (Behavior or Language)

Translation(s) & Context:

• оскорбительный - Used for formal contexts or written language, often describing remarks or tone.
• оскорбляющий - More conversational, often used for ongoing behavior (e.g., someone who is insulting).

Usage Examples:

• Его оскорбительный тон вызвал недовольство у всех присутствующих.

  His abusive tone caused dissatisfaction among everyone present.

• Она сказала это в оскорбительной манере.

  She said it in an abusive manner.

• Он оскорбляющий человек, лучше держаться от него подальше.

  He is an abusive person; it's better to stay away from him.

2. Harsh or Derogatory (Specifically Language)

Translation(s) & Context:

• ругательный - Refers specifically to abusive or foul language, often colloquial.

Usage Examples:

• В его речи много ругательных слов.

  There are many abusive words in his speech.

• Ругательная лексика недопустима в официальных документах.

  Abusive language is unacceptable in official documents.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

оскорбительный (Adjective): Follows standard Russian adjective declension rules. Agrees with the noun in gender, number, and case.

Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	оскорбительный	оскорбительная	оскорбительное	оскорбительные
Genitive	оскорбительного	оскорбительной	оскорбительного	оскорбительных

оскорбляющий (Present Participle/Adjective): Declines similarly to adjectives but is derived from the verb "оскорблять" (to insult). Often used attributively.

ругательный (Adjective): Follows standard adjective declension as above.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for оскорбительный:

• унизительный (humiliating)
• обидный (offensive)

Note: "унизительный" emphasizes humiliation, while "обидный" focuses on hurt feelings.

Antonyms for оскорбительный:

• уважительный (respectful)
• вежливый (polite)

Related Phrases:

• оскорбительный комментарий - An abusive comment.
• ругательное выражение - An abusive expression or curse.
• оскорбляющее поведение - Abusive behavior.

Usage Notes:

• "оскорбительный" is the most versatile and formal translation for "abusive," suitable for written or serious contexts.
• "оскорбляющий" often implies an active, ongoing action and is more conversational.
• "ругательный" is narrower in scope, typically referring to abusive or foul language rather than behavior.
• Be cautious with tone and context, as using these terms can sound accusatory in Russian.

Common Errors:

1. Confusing "ругательный" with general abuse: English learners often overuse "ругательный" for any abusive context, but it specifically relates to language. For behavior, use "оскорбительный."

Incorrect: Его ругательное поведение. (His abusive behavior.)

Correct: Его оскорбительное поведение.

2. Wrong adjective agreement: Failing to match the adjective with the noun's gender, number, or case.

Incorrect: Оскорбительный женщина. (Incorrect gender agreement.)

Correct: Оскорбительная женщина.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, direct insults or abusive language can be taken very seriously, especially in formal or public settings. Using terms like "оскорбительный" in a description might imply a stronger offense than in English. Additionally, personal honor is highly valued, and abusive behavior or language may lead to legal consequences under Russian law (e.g., "оскорбление" or insult as a legal term).

Related Concepts:

• оскорбление (insult, noun)
• унижение (humiliation)
• хамство (rudeness)