Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'tribunal'

English Word: tribunal

Key Russian Translations:

• трибунал [trʲɪˈbunaɫ] - [Formal, Legal context, Singular]
• суд [sut] - [Formal, General legal context, Can be Singular or Plural]

Frequency: Medium (Common in legal, political, or international discussions but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Upper Intermediate; Requires familiarity with legal terminology and Russian noun declensions)

Pronunciation (Russian):

трибунал: [trʲɪˈbunaɫ]

суд: [sut]

Note on трибунал: The stress is on the third syllable; be mindful of the soft 'р' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers. Pronunciation may vary slightly in formal settings.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: A court or assembly empowered to hear and decide on legal matters, often in an official or international context.

Translation(s) & Context:

• трибунал - Used in formal legal or international settings, such as war crimes trials (e.g., in contexts involving the International Criminal Court).
• суд - A more general term for court, applicable in everyday legal discussions but can overlap with tribunal in specific cases.

Usage Examples:

• Международный трибунал вынес решение по делу о военных преступлениях.

  The international tribunal issued a ruling on the war crimes case.

• В военном трибунале обсуждаются вопросы, связанные с дисциплиной в армии.

  In the military tribunal, issues related to army discipline are discussed.

• Этот суд, или трибунал, имеет юрисдикцию над международными спорами.

  This court, or tribunal, has jurisdiction over international disputes.

• Трибунал собрался для рассмотрения апелляции по гражданскому делу.

  The tribunal convened to review the appeal in the civil case.

• В российском суде, подобном трибуналу, рассматриваются дела о коррупции.

  In the Russian court, similar to a tribunal, corruption cases are examined.

Secondary Meaning: An authoritative body or panel for judgment, not necessarily legal (e.g., in academic or professional settings).

Translation(s) & Context:

• трибунал - Less common, used metaphorically for non-legal judgments, such as in ethics committees.
• суд - Can extend to metaphorical uses, like "public judgment."

Usage Examples:

• Университетский трибунал рассмотрит жалобу на несправедливую оценку.

  The university tribunal will review the complaint about unfair grading.

• Общественный суд, или трибунал мнений, часто формируется в социальных сетях.

  Public judgment, or a tribunal of opinions, is often formed on social media.

• Этот трибунал экспертов решит спор по научным вопросам.

  This tribunal of experts will settle the scientific dispute.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Трибунал" is a masculine noun in Russian and follows the standard first-declension pattern for nouns ending in a consonant. It has regular inflections based on case and number. "Суд" is also a masculine noun with similar patterns.

Note: These are regular inflections; no irregularities for these words.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • суд (more general court)
  • трибунал (exact match, but can be synonymous in legal contexts)
  • арбитраж (arbitration, with a nuance of dispute resolution)
• Antonyms:
  • освобождение (release or acquittal, implying the opposite of judgment)

Note: Synonyms like "арбитраж" are used in specific contexts such as commercial disputes, differing slightly from "трибунал" in formality.

Related Phrases:

• Военный трибунал - Military tribunal; Refers to a court for military offenses.
• Международный трибунал - International tribunal; Used for global legal bodies like the ICC.
• Судебный трибунал - Judicial tribunal; A formal court for legal proceedings.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "трибунал" is a direct cognate of the English word and is typically used in formal, legal, or international contexts, mirroring the English "tribunal" closely. Choose "трибунал" over "суд" when emphasizing an authoritative, specialized body. Be aware of grammatical gender (masculine) and ensure correct declension based on sentence structure. For everyday legal matters, "суд" might be more appropriate to avoid overly formal language.

• Contextual tip: In spoken Russian, "трибунал" is rare outside professional settings, so English learners should practice it in written or formal dialogues.
• Selection guide: If the English "tribunal" implies international law, use "трибунал"; for general courts, opt for "суд".

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse "трибунал" with "суд" and use them interchangeably, but "трибунал" is more specific. For example, a common error is saying "Я иду в суд" when meaning a tribunal, which might understate the formality. Correct usage: "Я появлюсь в трибунале" for a tribunal setting. Another mistake is incorrect declension, like using "трибунал" in the genitive as "трибунал" instead of "трибунала". Explanation: Always check the case to match the sentence's grammatical requirements for accuracy.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and history, tribunals have been significant in contexts like the Soviet-era military tribunals or modern international courts involving Russia, such as those related to the Nuremberg Trials. This reflects Russia's emphasis on state-controlled justice systems, where tribunals can carry connotations of authority and historical accountability.

Related Concepts:

• арбитраж
• судебная система
• приговор