Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'sustained'

English Word: sustained

Key Russian Translations:

• продолжительный [prəʊˌlɒnˈɡɪtɪvənɪj] - [Formal, Adjective]
• устойчивый [ʊsˈtoɪʒɪvɨj] - [General, Adjective]

Frequency: Medium (Common in formal writing and discussions, but not everyday casual speech)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, based on CEFR; requires understanding of adjective inflections, though 'продолжительный' is moderately irregular)

Pronunciation (Russian):

продолжительный: [prəʊˌlɒnˈɡɪtɪvənɪj]

Note on продолжительный: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ('-ти-'), which can be tricky for English speakers due to Russian's mobile stress patterns. Avoid over-emphasizing the first syllable.

устойчивый: [ʊsˈtoɪʒɪvɨj]

Note on устойчивый: The 'ы' sound is a central vowel, similar to a softened 'i' in English; practice with native audio for accuracy.

Audio: Listen to pronunciation (Insert actual audio player or link here for SEO optimization).

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Continued over a period of time (e.g., sustained effort)

Translation(s) & Context:

• продолжительный - Used in formal contexts, such as describing ongoing processes or efforts in professional or academic settings.
• устойчивый - Applied in general contexts, often implying stability or endurance, like in economic or environmental discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Его усилия были продолжительными на протяжении всего проекта.

  His efforts were sustained throughout the entire project.

• В компании ценится устойчивый рост, несмотря на рыночные колебания.

  Sustained growth is valued in the company, despite market fluctuations.

• Продолжительный дождь вызвал наводнение в регионе.

  The sustained rain caused flooding in the region.

• Устойчивый интерес к искусству помог ей развить карьеру.

  Sustained interest in art helped her develop her career.

• Для достижения успеха требуется продолжительный фокус на целях.

  Sustained focus on goals is required for success.

Meaning 2: Supported or maintained (e.g., sustained injury)

Translation(s) & Context:

• устойчивый - In contexts involving maintenance or support, such as health or physical states.
• продолжительный - Less common here, but used if emphasizing duration in medical or legal scenarios.

Usage Examples:

• Он получил устойчивый урон от аварии, требующий длительного лечения.

  He sustained an injury from the accident that required prolonged treatment.

• Устойчивый ущерб экосистеме был вызван промышленным загрязнением.

  Sustained damage to the ecosystem was caused by industrial pollution.

• Продолжительный стресс может привести к здоровью проблемам.

  Sustained stress can lead to health problems.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'продолжительный' and 'устойчивый' are adjectives in Russian, which inflect based on gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify and follow standard patterns, though 'продолжительный' has some irregularities in its short form.

Note: These adjectives do not change in short form for 'устойчивый', but 'продолжительный' can have a short form like 'продолжителен' in predicate positions, which is irregular and context-dependent.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • длительный (long-lasting; more neutral than продолжительный)
  • постоянный (constant; implies regularity, often used interchangeably with устойчивый in business contexts)
• Antonyms:
  • кратковременный (short-term; highlights brevity, contrasting with sustained duration)
  • временный (temporary; emphasizes lack of permanence)

Related Phrases:

• продолжительный период - A sustained period (Used in discussions of time or endurance, e.g., in historical analysis).
• устойчивый рост - Sustained growth (Common in economic contexts, implying steady progress over time).
• продолжительный фокус - Sustained focus (Refers to maintaining attention, often in educational or psychological settings).

Usage Notes:

'Sustained' in English often corresponds to 'продолжительный' when emphasizing duration, but 'устойчивый' is better for contexts involving stability or maintenance. Choose based on nuance: use 'продолжительный' in formal or temporal scenarios (e.g., sustained effort), and 'устойчивый' for resilience (e.g., sustained growth). Be mindful of Russian adjective agreement with nouns, which can restrict usage in sentences. This word is more common in written Russian than spoken, so practice in essays or reports for natural integration.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'продолжительный' without proper inflection, e.g., saying "продолжительный усилия" instead of "продолжительные усилия" (plural nominative). Correct: Always match gender, number, and case, as in "продолжительные усилия". Explanation: Russian adjectives must agree with their nouns, unlike English, which can lead to grammatical errors.

• Error: Confusing 'продолжительный' with 'длительный', assuming they are identical. Correct: 'Длительный' is more neutral for length, while 'продолжительный' implies active continuation; use the latter for 'sustained' in dynamic contexts. Explanation: Subtle differences in connotation can make translations feel unnatural if not chosen carefully.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, concepts like 'sustained effort' (продолжительные усилия) often tie into historical resilience, such as during wartime or economic hardships (e.g., the Great Patriotic War). Words like 'устойчивый' reflect a cultural emphasis on endurance and stability, which is evident in literature and media, helping to convey national perseverance without overt sentimentality.

Related Concepts:

• длительность (duration)
• стабильность (stability)
• постоянство (constancy)