Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'spindle'

English Word: spindle

Key Russian Translations:

• шпиндель [ʃpʲɪnʲˈdʲel] - [Formal, Technical, Used in mechanical or engineering contexts]
• веретено [vʲɪrʲɪˈtʲenə] - [Formal, Biological or historical contexts, Plural form possible]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in specialized fields like engineering and biology, but not in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, per CEFR; requires basic vocabulary knowledge and context familiarity. For 'шпиндель', it may be B2 due to technical nuances; for 'веретено', it aligns with B1 as it's more straightforward in biological texts)

Pronunciation (Russian):

шпиндель: [ʃpʲɪnʲˈdʲel]

Note on шпиндель: The initial 'ш' sound is a voiceless palatal fricative, similar to the 'sh' in 'she', but pay attention to the stressed syllable on 'дель'. Pronunciation may vary slightly in rapid speech.

веретено: [vʲɪrʲɪˈtʲenə]

Note on веретено: The 'е' in the first syllable is a mid-front vowel, and the word has a rolling rhythm; stress falls on the third syllable, which can be tricky for beginners.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: A rotating rod or axis, often in machinery (e.g., in tools or devices)

Translation(s) & Context:

• шпиндель - Used in technical or industrial settings, such as describing parts in machines or engines.

Usage Examples:

• В фабрике используется шпиндель для намотки ткани.

  In the factory, a spindle is used for winding fabric.

• Механик отремонтировал шпиндель в старом станке.

  The mechanic repaired the spindle in the old machine.

• Шпиндель вращается с высокой скоростью, обеспечивая точность обработки.

  The spindle rotates at high speed, ensuring precise processing.

• В современном оборудовании шпиндель интегрирован с цифровым контролем.

  In modern equipment, the spindle is integrated with digital control.

Meaning 2: A spindle-shaped structure in biology, such as in cell division

Translation(s) & Context:

• веретено - Commonly used in scientific or educational contexts, referring to the mitotic spindle in cells.

Usage Examples:

• Во время митоза формируется веретено деления.

  During mitosis, the spindle of division is formed.

• Веретено состоит из микротрубочек, которые тянут хромосомы.

  The spindle consists of microtubules that pull the chromosomes.

• Нарушение веретена может привести к генетическим мутациям.

  Disruption of the spindle can lead to genetic mutations.

• В клеточном цикле веретено играет ключевую роль в сегрегации хромосом.

  In the cell cycle, the spindle plays a key role in chromosome segregation.

• Учёные изучают, как веретено формируется в различных организмах.

  Scientists study how the spindle forms in various organisms.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'шпиндель' and 'веретено' are nouns. 'Шпиндель' is a masculine noun (3rd declension), while 'веретено' is neuter (2nd declension). Russian nouns inflect for case, number, and gender. Below is a table for their key inflections:

Note: These are regular inflections, but 'шпиндель' may have variations in technical jargon. 'Веретено' is generally unchanging in plural forms but follows standard neuter patterns.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms for шпиндель: ось (axis), вал (shaft) - 'Ось' is more general and can be used in everyday contexts.
• Synonyms for веретено: митотическое веретено (mitotic spindle) - Often used interchangeably in scientific texts.
• Antonyms: For both, no direct antonyms exist, but opposites might include 'фиксатор' (fixer, as in something that holds rather than rotates).

Related Phrases:

• Шпиндель машины - The spindle of the machine; refers to a key component in mechanical devices.
• Веретено деления - Spindle of division; a phrase used in biology to describe cellular processes.
• Формирование веретена - Formation of the spindle; common in educational or research contexts.

Usage Notes:

'Шпиндель' directly corresponds to the mechanical sense of 'spindle' in English and is typically used in formal, technical writing or speech. Avoid using it in casual conversations. 'Веретено' aligns with biological or historical usages and may carry a more archaic connotation in non-scientific contexts. When choosing between translations, opt for 'шпиндель' in engineering scenarios and 'веретено' in biology. Grammatically, both nouns require agreement in gender, number, and case with accompanying words, such as adjectives or verbs.

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing 'шпиндель' with 'веретено' in contexts, e.g., using 'веретено' for a machine part. Correct: Use 'шпиндель' for machinery. Example: Incorrect: "Веретено в машине сломалось." Correct: "Шпиндель в машине сломался." Explanation: This mix-up arises from overlapping meanings, but precision is key in technical fields.
• Error: Incorrect inflection, e.g., saying 'шпиндел' in genitive instead of 'шпинделя'. Correct: Always follow standard declension rules to maintain grammatical accuracy.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'веретено' evokes historical imagery from folklore, such as in fairy tales where spinning wheels and spindles symbolize domestic life or magic (e.g., in stories like those of Baba Yaga). This adds a layer of cultural depth beyond its biological meaning, contrasting with the more modern, industrial connotation of 'шпиндель'.

Related Concepts:

• Ось (axis)
• Микротрубочка (microtubule)
• Митоз (mitosis)