Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'recapitulate'

English Word: recapitulate

Key Russian Translations:

• подытожить /pədɨˈtoʒʲɪtʲ/ - [Formal, Used in academic or professional contexts]
• изложить заново /ɪzˈloʒʲɪtʲ zɐˈnovə/ - [Informal, Plural forms may vary in narrative contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Common in written and spoken Russian, especially in educational and business settings)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and formal structures; for 'подытожить', it's B2, while 'изложить заново' might be B1 for simpler uses)

Pronunciation (Russian):

подытожить: /pədɨˈtoʒʲɪtʲ/

изложить заново: /ɪzˈloʒʲɪtʲ zɐˈnovə/

Note on подытожить: The stress is on the third syllable; be cautious with the palatalized 'ж' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers as it's softer than in English 'zh'.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To summarize or restate key points in a discussion or text

Translation(s) & Context:

• подытожить - Used in formal settings like meetings or essays to conclude arguments.
• изложить заново - Applied in informal storytelling or casual reviews, emphasizing repetition.

Usage Examples:

• В конце лекции профессор подытожил основные идеи.

  At the end of the lecture, the professor recapitulated the main ideas.

• Чтобы убедиться, что все поняли, она изложила заново ключевые моменты обсуждения.

  To ensure everyone understood, she recapitulated the key points of the discussion.

• В отчете менеджер подытожил достижения команды за квартал.

  In the report, the manager recapitulated the team's achievements for the quarter.

• После фильма друзья решили изложить заново сюжет, чтобы лучше его запомнить.

  After the movie, the friends recapitulated the plot to remember it better.

• Спикер подытожил свою речь, повторив основные тезисы.

  The speaker recapitulated his speech by restating the main theses.

To repeat or review something previously stated

Translation(s) & Context:

• подытожить - In educational contexts, to reinforce learning.
• изложить заново - In casual conversations, to clarify misunderstandings.

Usage Examples:

• Учитель попросил учеников подытожить материал урока перед тестом.

  The teacher asked the students to recapitulate the lesson material before the test.

• Чтобы избежать путаницы, он изложил заново инструкции по заданию.

  To avoid confusion, he recapitulated the instructions for the task.

• В переговорах дипломат подытожил предложения сторон.

  In negotiations, the diplomat recapitulated the proposals from both sides.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both primary translations are verbs, so they follow Russian verb conjugation patterns. 'Подытожить' is a perfective verb, while 'изложить' is imperfective in its base form. Russian verbs change based on tense, aspect, person, and number. Below is a conjugation table for 'подытожить' (perfective) and 'изложить' (imperfective).

Note: These verbs do not have irregular inflections but follow standard patterns. For 'изложить заново', the adverb 'заново' remains unchanged.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • суммировать (summarizovat') - More neutral, used in quantitative contexts.
  • повторить (povtorit') - Emphasizes repetition without full summarization.
• Antonyms:
  • забыть (zabytt') - To forget, opposite in the sense of not restating.
  • пропустить (propustit') - To skip or omit, contrasting with recapitulation.

Related Phrases:

• Подытожим итоги - Meaning: Let's recapitulate the results (Used in meetings to wrap up discussions).
• Изложить все заново - Meaning: To recapitulate everything again (Common in educational settings for review).
• Вкратце подытожить - Meaning: To briefly recapitulate (Emphasizes conciseness in formal reports).

Usage Notes:

'Подытожить' is the most direct equivalent to 'recapitulate' in formal English contexts, often used in writing or speeches to conclude. It implies a complete summary, so choose it for professional scenarios. 'Изложить заново' is better for informal or repetitive reviews but may sound redundant in high-stakes situations. Be mindful of aspect: use perfective forms like 'подытожить' for completed actions. In Russian, these verbs often pair with adverbs like 'вкратце' (briefly) to mirror English nuances.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using 'подытожить' in the present tense, as it's perfective and doesn't have one. Correct: Instead, use 'излагать' for ongoing summarization. Example of error: *Я подытожить сейчас* (incorrect). Correct: Я излагаю сейчас. Explanation: Perfective verbs like 'подытожить' are for completed actions, so learners must select the right aspect to avoid grammatical errors.
• Mistake: Confusing with 'повторить', which only means 'to repeat' without summarizing. Correct: Use 'подытожить' for structured recapitulation. Example of error: *Повторить ключевые точки* when meaning to summarize. Correct: Подытожить ключевые точки. Explanation: This can lead to vagueness; 'подытожить' adds the element of synthesis.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, recapitulation is highly valued in education and public discourse, reflecting a tradition of thoroughness from Soviet-era pedagogy. For instance, in academic settings, speakers often 'подытожить' to ensure collective understanding, emphasizing communal knowledge over individual interpretation.

Related Concepts:

• анализ (analiz) - Analysis
• заключение (zaklyucheniye) - Conclusion
• повторение (povtoreniye) - Repetition