Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'promulgate'

English Word: promulgate

Key Russian Translations:

• обнародовать /ɐb.nɐ.rəˈda.vatʲ/ - [Formal]
• провозглашать /prə.vəz.ɡlɐˈʂaj.tʲ/ - [Formal]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in legal, official, and governmental contexts, but not in everyday casual conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of formal Russian verb structures, suitable for learners with intermediate proficiency)

Pronunciation (Russian):

обнародовать: /ɐb.nɐ.rəˈda.vatʲ/

провозглашать: /prə.vəz.ɡlɐˈʂaj.tʲ/

Note on обнародовать: The stress falls on the third syllable ("da"), and the verb has a soft ending; be cautious with the "р" sound, which is rolled. Variations may occur in rapid speech.

Note on провозглашать: Pronounce the "ш" as a voiceless postalveolar fricative; this verb often involves emphatic intonation in formal declarations.

Audio: []

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To officially announce or proclaim a law, decree, or rule (primary meaning)

Translation(s) & Context:

• обнародовать - Used in formal legal or governmental contexts, such as publishing official documents or laws.
• провозглашать - Applied in ceremonial or public declaration scenarios, like announcing policies or manifestos.

Usage Examples:

• Правительство обнародовало новый закон о налогах. (The government promulgated a new tax law.)

  English Translation: The government promulgated a new tax law.

• Президент провозглашает реформы на национальном телевидении. (The president promulgates reforms on national television.)

  English Translation: The president promulgates reforms on national television.

• Эта компания обнародовала свои финансовые отчеты в соответствии с регуляциями. (This company promulgated its financial reports in accordance with regulations.)

  English Translation: This company promulgated its financial reports in accordance with regulations.

• Депутаты провозглашают изменения в конституции во время сессии. (The deputies promulgate changes to the constitution during the session.)

  English Translation: The deputies promulgate changes to the constitution during the session.

• Министерство обнародовало указ, запрещающий определенные виды деятельности. (The ministry promulgated a decree prohibiting certain types of activities.)

  English Translation: The ministry promulgated a decree prohibiting certain types of activities.

To make widely known or publicize (secondary, less formal meaning)

Translation(s) & Context:

• обнародовать - In broader contexts like media or public announcements, though still formal.

Usage Examples:

• Организация обнародовала отчет о экологических проблемах. (The organization promulgated a report on environmental issues.)

  English Translation: The organization promulgated a report on environmental issues.

• Ученые обнародовали свои открытия на международной конференции. (Scientists promulgated their discoveries at an international conference.)

  English Translation: Scientists promulgated their discoveries at an international conference.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both primary translations are verbs in Russian, belonging to the first conjugation group. They follow standard patterns for imperfective aspects, with "обнародовать" being imperfective and "провозглашать" also imperfective in common use. Russian verbs inflect for person, number, tense, aspect, and mood.

For обнародовать (imperfective):

For провозглашать (imperfective), it follows a similar pattern but with irregularities in stem changes:

These verbs do not have perfective counterparts in this context, but perfective forms like "обнародовать" can be used as is for completed actions.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms: опубликовать (to publish, more neutral), объявить (to announce, slightly less formal; differs by being quicker and less official)
• Antonyms: сокрыть (to hide), утаить (to conceal; often used in contexts where information is withheld)

Related Phrases:

• обнародовать закон - (To promulgate a law; used in legal contexts to indicate official enactment.)
• провозглашать независимость - (To promulgate independence; common in historical or political declarations.)
• обнародовать указ - (To promulgate a decree; refers to executive orders in governmental settings.)

Usage Notes:

"Обнародовать" is the most direct equivalent to "promulgate" in formal contexts, especially for laws and regulations, while "провозглашать" emphasizes public or ceremonial announcements. Choose based on context: use "обнародовать" for written or official publications and "провозглашать" for spoken declarations. Both are restricted to formal language; avoid in casual speech. Grammatically, ensure correct verb conjugation for aspect and tense to match the English perfective aspect of "promulgate."

Common Errors:

• Using the wrong aspect: Learners might use "обнародовать" in its imperfective form incorrectly for completed actions. Error: "Я обнародовываю закон вчера" (incorrect). Correct: "Я обнародовал закон вчера" (I promulgated the law yesterday). Explanation: Russian verbs require the past tense for completed past actions.
• Confusing with synonyms: Mixing up "обнародовать" and "объявить," which is less formal. Error: "Объявить закон" instead of "Обнародовать закон." Correct: Use "обнародовать" for official promulgation to maintain formality.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, terms like "обнародовать" are heavily associated with the country's bureaucratic and legal traditions, stemming from Soviet-era practices where official decrees were publicly announced to ensure transparency. This reflects a cultural emphasis on state authority and formal communication in public affairs.

Related Concepts:

• закон (law)
• декрет (decree)
• публикация (publication)