Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'presumption'

English Word: presumption

Key Russian Translations:

• предположение [prʲɪd.pɐ.lɐˈʐɛ.nʲɪ.jə] - [Formal, used in logical or academic contexts]
• допущение [dɐˈpuʂː.ɪ.nʲɪ.jə] - [Formal, often in scientific or legal settings]
• предубеждение [prʲɪ.dʊ.bʲɪˈʐdʲ.ɪ.nʲɪ.jə] - [Informal, implies a biased assumption]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in everyday discussions, literature, and professional contexts, but not as ubiquitous as basic vocabulary).

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires understanding of noun declensions and abstract concepts; for 'предположение', it's straightforward, but 'предубеждение' may vary slightly in nuance).

Pronunciation (Russian):

предположение: [prʲɪd.pɐ.lɐˈʐɛ.nʲɪ.jə]

допущение: [dɐˈpuʂː.ɪ.nʲɪ.jə]

предубеждение: [prʲɪ.dʊ.bʲɪˈʐdʲ.ɪ.nʲɪ.jə]

Note on предположение: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ("ʐɛ"), which can be tricky for beginners; it's a common pitfall in fast speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: An assumption or supposition based on probability or evidence (e.g., in logical reasoning).

Translation(s) & Context:

• предположение - Used in formal discussions, such as debates or academic writing, to indicate a reasoned guess without full proof.
• допущение - Applied in scientific or legal contexts where an assumption is made for the sake of argument or hypothesis.

Usage Examples:

• Это предположение основано на фактах. (Eto predpolozhenie osnovano na faktakh.)

  This presumption is based on facts. (Shows basic usage in a factual context.)

• В науке допущение помогает строить теории. (V nauke dopushchenie pomogaet stroit' teorii.)

  In science, presumption helps build theories. (Illustrates application in a professional setting.)

• Его предположение оказалось неверным. (Yego predpolozhenie okazalos' nevernym.)

  His presumption turned out to be incorrect. (Demonstrates negation and everyday error.)

• Без допущения невозможно начать исследование. (Bez dopushcheniya nevozmozhno nachat' issledovanie.)

  Without presumption, it's impossible to start research. (Highlights dependency in intellectual pursuits.)

Meaning 2: An arrogant or unwarranted assumption (e.g., overconfidence or bias).

Translation(s) & Context:

• предубеждение - Informal, often in social or emotional contexts, implying a preconceived notion or prejudice.

Usage Examples:

• Его предубеждение помешало объективному суждению. (Yego predubezhdenie pomeshalo ob"ektivnomu suzhdeniyu.)

  His presumption hindered objective judgment. (Shows negative connotation in interpersonal scenarios.)

• Не делайте предубеждений на основе внешности. (Ne delayte predubezhdeniy na osnove vneshnosti.)

  Don't make presumptions based on appearance. (Emphasizes ethical usage in daily life.)

• Это предубеждение распространено в обществе. (Eto predubezhdenie rasprostraneno v obshchestve.)

  This presumption is widespread in society. (Illustrates broader cultural application.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

All primary translations are nouns and follow standard Russian declension patterns for third-declension neuter nouns (e.g., предположение). They are inflected based on case, number, and gender.

For 'допущение' and 'предубеждение', similar patterns apply, with no irregularities. These words do not change in gender but must agree in case with other elements in the sentence.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • гипотеза (gioteza) - More scientific, implies a testable idea.
  • вероятность (veroyatnost') - Focuses on probability rather than assumption.
• Antonyms:
  • доказательство (dokazatel'stvo) - Evidence-based fact.
  • сомнение (somnenie) - Doubt or uncertainty.

Related Phrases:

• Сделать предположение (Sdelat' predpolozhenie) - To make a presumption; used in problem-solving contexts.
• На основе предположения (Na osnove predpolozheniya) - Based on presumption; common in logical arguments.
• Избегать предубеждений (Izbegat' predubezhdeniy) - To avoid presumptions; often in discussions about bias.

Usage Notes:

'Предположение' is the most direct equivalent to 'presumption' in neutral or formal English contexts, while 'предубеждение' is better for negative connotations like arrogance. Be mindful of Russian's case system; for example, use the genitive case after prepositions like 'на основе' (on the basis of). In informal speech, 'предположение' might be shortened or implied, but always ensure agreement with sentence structure. When choosing between translations, opt for 'допущение' in scientific writing for precision.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using 'предположение' in the nominative case everywhere, e.g., "Я думаю о предположение" (incorrect; should be "о предположении" in prepositional case).
  Correct: "Я думаю о предположении." (Explanation: Russian requires case agreement, which English speakers often overlook.)
• Mistake: Confusing 'предположение' with 'предубеждение', e.g., using it to mean bias in a neutral context.
  Correct: Use 'предубеждение' for biased assumptions; otherwise, stick with 'предположение'. (This can lead to tonal mismatches in communication.)

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'предположение' often appears in intellectual and literary contexts, reflecting a historical emphasis on philosophy and debate (e.g., in works by Tolstoy). It can carry a subtle connotation of caution, as Russians may value concrete evidence over hasty assumptions, influenced by the pragmatic traditions of Soviet-era science.

Related Concepts:

• гипотеза (gioteza)
• версия (versiya)
• убеждение (ubezhdenie)