Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'marrow'

English Word: marrow

Key Russian Translations:

• костный мозг [ˈkɔstnɨj ˈmozɡ] - [Formal, Medical Context]

Frequency: Medium (Common in medical and scientific discussions but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate; requires basic knowledge of Russian nouns and adjectives, as per CEFR standards)

Pronunciation (Russian):

костный мозг: [ˈkɔstnɨj ˈmozɡ]

Note on костный мозг: The stress falls on the first syllable of each word. Be mindful of the soft sign (ь) in "мозг," which affects the pronunciation, making it softer and more palatalized.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The soft fatty substance found inside bones (Biological/Anatomical Sense)

Translation(s) & Context:

• костный мозг - Used in medical, biological, or scientific contexts to refer to the tissue inside bones that produces blood cells.

Usage Examples:

• В костном мозге производятся красные кровяные клетки, которые необходимы для транспортировки кислорода.

  In the bone marrow, red blood cells are produced, which are necessary for transporting oxygen.

• При некоторых заболеваниях костный мозг может быть повреждён, что приводит к анемии.

  In certain diseases, the bone marrow can be damaged, leading to anemia.

• Донация костного мозга спасла жизнь многим пациентам с лейкемией.

  Donation of bone marrow has saved the lives of many patients with leukemia.

• Исследования показывают, что костный мозг содержит стволовые клетки для регенерации тканей.

  Studies show that bone marrow contains stem cells for tissue regeneration.

Meaning 2: The essential or vital part of something (Metaphorical Sense)

Translation(s) & Context:

• суть - Used in informal or philosophical contexts to mean the core or essence of a matter.

Usage Examples:

• Суть проблемы заключается в неэффективном управлении ресурсами.

  The marrow of the problem lies in the inefficient management of resources.

• В этой книге автор раскрывает суть человеческой природы через простые истории.

  In this book, the author reveals the marrow of human nature through simple stories.

• Чтобы понять суть аргумента, нужно изучить все факты.

  To grasp the marrow of the argument, you need to examine all the facts.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For the key translation "костный мозг," this is a noun phrase where "костный" is an adjective and "мозг" is a masculine noun. Adjectives in Russian agree with nouns in gender, number, and case. "Костный" changes based on these rules, while "мозг" follows standard masculine noun inflections.

For "суть" (a feminine noun), it has regular feminine inflections but is often used in singular form: Nominative - суть; Genitive - сути; etc. It does not change in informal metaphorical uses.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • миел (myel) - More technical term in medicine.
  • ядро (core) - For metaphorical sense, emphasizing the central part.
• Antonyms:
  • оболочка (shell) - Refers to the outer layer or superficial aspect.

Related Phrases:

• Костный мозг донора (Bone marrow from a donor) - Used in medical contexts for transplantation procedures.
• Суть дела (The essence of the matter) - A common phrase in legal or discussions to highlight core issues.
• Глубокая суть (Deep essence) - Refers to profound or hidden meanings in philosophical talks.

Usage Notes:

"Marrow" translates to "костный мозг" in biological contexts, which is a formal term primarily used in medical or scientific settings. For the metaphorical sense, "суть" is more appropriate and is commonly used in everyday Russian to denote the core or vital part, similar to "heart" or "essence" in English. Be cautious with word order in Russian sentences, as adjectives must agree with nouns. When choosing between translations, opt for "костный мозг" in professional contexts and "суть" in abstract or informal ones to ensure natural flow.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using "мозг" alone to mean "marrow," which actually means "brain."
  Correct: Use "костный мозг" for accuracy.
  Explanation: English learners often confuse it with the brain due to similar words, but in Russian, context is key to avoid misunderstandings.
• Mistake: Failing to inflect "костный" correctly, e.g., saying "костный мозгов" instead of "костных мозгов" in plural genitive.
  Correct: Always ensure adjective-noun agreement.
  Explanation: This is a common grammatical error for beginners, as Russian requires full case agreement.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, "костный мозг" is often discussed in the context of health and medicine, reflecting the importance of bone marrow transplants in treating diseases like leukemia. Metaphorically, "суть" aligns with Russian literary traditions, as seen in works by authors like Tolstoy, where exploring the "essence" of life is a central theme, emphasizing introspection and depth in philosophical discourse.

Related Concepts:

• кровь (blood)
• стволовые клетки (stem cells)
• сущность (essence, in a broader philosophical sense)