Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'intemperate'

English Word: intemperate

Key Russian Translations:

• неумеренный [nʲɪʊˈmʲerʲɪnɨj] - [Formal; used in contexts involving excess or lack of restraint]
• невоздержанный [nʲɪvɐzˈdrʲeʐnɨj] - [Informal; often applied to impulsive or unrestrained behavior]

Frequency: Medium (This word and its translations are encountered in discussions of behavior, health, or ethics, but not in everyday casual conversation.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of abstract concepts and adjective inflections. For 'неумеренный', it's B2 due to formal usage; for 'невоздержанный', it's also B2 but with a more conversational tone.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

неумеренный: [nʲɪʊˈmʲerʲɪnɨj]

Note on неумеренный: The stress falls on the third syllable ("mer"), which can be tricky for English speakers due to Russian's vowel reduction in unstressed positions.

невоздержанный: [nʲɪvɐzˈdrʲeʐnɨj]

Note on невоздержанный: Pay attention to the soft 'ж' sound, which is similar to the 'zh' in 'measure', and the word often has a rapid pronunciation in spoken Russian.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Excessive or unrestrained in behavior, speech, or consumption

Translation(s) & Context:

• неумеренный - Used in formal or written contexts, such as medical or ethical discussions, to describe overindulgence without self-control.
• невоздержанный - Applied in informal settings, like everyday conversations, to highlight impulsive actions or emotional outbursts.

Usage Examples:

• Его неумеренное потребление сладкого привело к проблемам со здоровьем.

  His intemperate consumption of sweets led to health problems. (This example shows the word in a health-related context, emphasizing excess.)

• В споре он стал невоздержанным и сказал слишком много.

  In the argument, he became intemperate and said too much. (Here, it illustrates unrestrained speech in a social interaction.)

• Неумеренная трата денег на развлечения разрушила его бюджет.

  Intemperate spending on entertainment ruined his budget. (This demonstrates the word in a financial context, showing lack of moderation.)

• Её невоздержанный смех в тишине аудитории шокировал всех.

  Her intemperate laughter in the quiet auditorium shocked everyone. (This example highlights emotional impulsivity in a public setting.)

• Неумеренный энтузиазм молодого ученого иногда мешает его исследованиям.

  The intemperate enthusiasm of the young scientist sometimes hinders his research. (This shows the word in a professional context, with a nuanced grammatical structure.)

Meaning 2: Lacking moderation or self-restraint in general conduct

Translation(s) & Context:

• невоздержанный - Common in psychological or personal development contexts, where it describes habitual lack of control.
• неумеренный - Used more broadly in literary or formal writing to critique societal behaviors.

Usage Examples:

• Невоздержанный образ жизни может привести к раннему выгоранию.

  An intemperate lifestyle can lead to early burnout. (This example focuses on long-term habits and their consequences.)

• В его неумеренной страсти к работе она видела источник стресса.

  In his intemperate passion for work, she saw a source of stress. (This illustrates the word in a relational context with emotional depth.)

• Неумеренная критика от коллег демотивировала его.

  Intemperate criticism from colleagues demotivated him. (This shows the word applied to verbal excess in a workplace scenario.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'неумеренный' and 'невоздержанный' are adjectives in Russian, which means they inflect based on gender, number, and case. Russian adjectives follow a regular pattern for most cases, but they can be irregular in certain forms. Below is a table outlining the key inflections for 'неумеренный' as an example; 'невоздержанный' follows similar rules.

For 'невоздержанный', the inflections are identical in pattern. These adjectives do not change in comparative forms without additional suffixes (e.g., becomes 'неумереннее' for comparative), and they are regular overall.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • излишествующий (izlishchestvuyushchiy) - Implies excessive indulgence, often with a connotation of wastefulness.
  • чрезмерный (chrezmernıy) - Similar to 'excessive', but more neutral and applicable to quantities.
• Antonyms:
  • умеренный (umerennyy) - Means moderate or restrained, contrasting with excess.
  • сдержанный (sderzhannyy) - Implies self-control or reserve in behavior.

Related Phrases:

• неумеренное потребление - Intemperate consumption (Refers to excessive use of resources, like food or alcohol, in health contexts.)
• невоздержанный гнев - Intemperate anger (Describes uncontrolled emotional outbursts in interpersonal conflicts.)
• излишества в питании - Excesses in eating (A phrase related to intemperate habits, often used in dietary advice.)

Usage Notes:

'Intemperate' corresponds most closely to 'неумеренный' in formal English-Russian translations, especially in written or professional contexts, while 'невоздержанный' is better for informal, emotional scenarios. Be mindful of the adjective's inflection based on the noun it modifies—always match gender, number, and case in Russian sentences. For example, use 'неумеренный' for masculine singular subjects. When choosing between translations, opt for 'невоздержанный' if the context involves personal impulses, as it carries a more human, psychological nuance. Avoid direct word-for-word translation; instead, consider the broader cultural emphasis on restraint in Russian discourse.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using 'неумеренный' in informal speech as a direct substitute for 'intemperate' without inflection. Correct: Ensure proper case agreement, e.g., "Его неумеренное поведение" (His intemperate behavior). Explanation: English learners often forget Russian adjective endings, leading to grammatical errors that sound unnatural.
• Mistake: Confusing 'невоздержанный' with 'неумеренный' in formal writing. Correct: Use 'неумеренный' for neutral excess (e.g., in reports), as 'невоздержанный' implies moral judgment. Explanation: This can make the text seem overly emotional or inappropriate for the context.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like 'неумеренный' often tie into historical and literary themes of excess versus restraint, as seen in works by Dostoevsky, where intemperate behavior symbolizes moral downfall. This reflects a broader cultural value on moderation, influenced by Orthodox traditions and Soviet-era emphasis on collective discipline, helping English speakers understand the subtle judgmental undertone in everyday usage.

Related Concepts:

• самоконтроль (samokontrol') - Self-control
• умеренность (umerennost') - Moderation
• импульсивность (impulsivnost') - Impulsiveness