Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'injurious'

English Word: injurious

Key Russian Translations:

• вредный [vrʲɪd.nɨj] - [Adjective, Formal/Informal]
• вредоносный [vrʲɪ.dɐ.'nos.nɨj] - [Adjective, Formal, Used in technical or legal contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Commonly encountered in everyday language, literature, and media, but not as ubiquitous as basic adjectives.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; learners should understand adjective declensions and context-specific usage, though the word itself is not overly complex.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

вредный: [vrʲɪd.nɨj]

вредоносный: [vrʲɪ.dɐ.'nos.nɨj]

Note on вредный: The stress is on the first syllable; the 'р' is rolled, and the 'ы' sound can be tricky for English speakers, often pronounced like a short 'i' in "bit". Variations may occur in dialects.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Causing harm or injury, especially to health or well-being.

Translation(s) & Context:

• вредный - Used in general contexts to describe something harmful, such as environmental or health-related issues.
• вредоносный - Applied in more formal or technical settings, like describing malware or toxic substances.

Usage Examples:

• Этот химикат вредный для окружающей среды. (This chemical is injurious to the environment.)

  English Translation: This chemical is harmful to the environment.

• Курение является вредным привычкой, которая может привести к серьезным заболеваниям. (Smoking is an injurious habit that can lead to serious illnesses.)

  English Translation: Smoking is a harmful habit that can lead to serious illnesses.

• Вредоносный вирус атаковал компьютерную систему. (The injurious virus attacked the computer system.)

  English Translation: The harmful virus attacked the computer system.

• Избыточное потребление сахара вредно для здоровья. (Excessive sugar consumption is injurious to health.)

  English Translation: Excessive sugar consumption is harmful to health.

Meaning 2: Detrimental to reputation or morale.

Translation(s) & Context:

• вредный - Often used metaphorically in social or psychological contexts.

Usage Examples:

• Отрицательные комментарии в интернете могут быть вредными для самооценки. (Negative comments online can be injurious to self-esteem.)

  English Translation: Negative comments online can be harmful to self-esteem.

• Вредные сплетни распространились по офису, вызвав напряжение. (Injurious gossip spread through the office, causing tension.)

  English Translation: Harmful gossip spread through the office, causing tension.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both "вредный" and "вредоносный" are adjectives and follow standard Russian adjective declension patterns, which are regular but depend on gender, number, and case. Adjectives in Russian agree with the nouns they modify.

For "вредоносный", the declension is identical to "вредный" as it follows the same pattern. These adjectives do not have irregular forms.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • опасный (opasnyj) - More emphasis on danger than harm.
  • вредоносный - Essentially a synonym but with a connotation of being actively destructive.
• Antonyms:
  • полезный (poleznyj) - Beneficial or advantageous.
  • безвредный (bezvrednyj) - Harmless or safe.

Related Phrases:

• вредный эффект (vrednyj effekt) - Harmful effect; often used in scientific or medical discussions.
• вредная привычка (vrednaya privychka) - Injurious habit; refers to bad habits like smoking.
• вредоносное ПО (vredonosnoe PO) - Malicious software; a common phrase in technology contexts.

Usage Notes:

"Вредный" is the most direct translation for "injurious" in everyday contexts, but "вредоносный" is preferred for formal or technical scenarios where the harm is intentional or severe. English speakers should note that Russian adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they describe, which can make sentences more complex. For example, choose "вредный" for general harm and "вредоносный" when emphasizing destructiveness. It's versatile across registers but avoid it in overly casual speech where simpler words might suffice.

• Grammar tip: Always decline the adjective based on the noun's case (e.g., в вредном воздухе - in injurious air).
• Context guide: In legal texts, "вредоносный" aligns closely with "injurious" in terms of liability.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse "вредный" with "опасный", using the latter when harm is not the primary issue. For example, an incorrect usage might be: "Этот продукт опасный" instead of "Этот продукт вредный" for something that causes long-term harm without immediate danger. Correct form: Use "вредный" for health-related harm. Another error is failing to decline the adjective, e.g., saying "вредный дом" in the genitive case as "вредный дома" instead of "вредного дома". This can make the sentence grammatically incorrect and confusing.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like "вредный" often appear in health campaigns or environmental discussions, reflecting a societal emphasis on collective well-being. For instance, anti-smoking initiatives frequently use it, tying into Russia's history of public health reforms under Soviet influence, where state-controlled media highlighted "vrednye" substances to promote social responsibility.

Related Concepts:

• токсичный (toksinyij)
• вредоносность (vredonosnost')
• опасность (opasnost')