Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'incur'

English Word: incur

Key Russian Translations:

• понести (ponesti) - pɐˈnʲestʲi - [Formal, Used in contexts involving consequences like costs or losses]
• возникнуть (vozniknut') - vɐznʲɪkˈnutʲ - [Informal, Plural forms possible, Used for arising obligations or situations]

Frequency: Medium (Common in business, legal, and everyday contexts, but not as frequent as basic verbs like "to be" or "to have")

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and contextual nuances. For 'понести', it's B2; for 'возникнуть', it's also B2 due to aspectual variations.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

понести: pɐˈnʲestʲi

возникнуть: vɐznʲɪkˈnutʲ

Note on понести: The stress falls on the second syllable; be cautious with the soft 'n' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers. This verb often has perfective aspect implications.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To become liable or subject to something undesirable (e.g., costs, penalties)

Translation(s) & Context:

• понести - Used in formal or legal contexts, such as incurring financial losses; common in written Russian like business reports.
• возникнуть - Applied in more general or informal situations where something arises unexpectedly, such as obligations in daily life.

Usage Examples:

• Он понёс значительные убытки из-за нестабильного рынка.

  He incurred significant losses due to the unstable market.

• Компания может возникнуть дополнительные расходы, если не соблюдать сроки.

  The company may incur additional expenses if deadlines are not met.

• Из-за ошибки в расчётах он понёс штраф в размере тысячи рублей.

  Due to a calculation error, he incurred a fine of a thousand rubles.

• В этом контракте могут возникнуть обязательства, которые потребуют дополнительных вложений.

  In this contract, obligations may incur that require additional investments.

• Она не ожидала, что её действия приведут к необходимости понести юридические издержки.

  She did not expect that her actions would lead to incurring legal expenses.

To bring upon oneself through actions (e.g., risk or blame)

Translation(s) & Context:

• понести - Emphasizes personal responsibility, often in moral or ethical contexts.
• возникнуть - Less personal, focusing on the emergence of consequences.

Usage Examples:

• Если вы игнорируете предупреждения, вы рискуете понести серьёзные последствия.

  If you ignore the warnings, you risk incurring serious consequences.

• В конфликте он решил возникнуть вину на себя, чтобы защитить друзей.

  In the conflict, he chose to incur the blame himself to protect his friends.

• Её решение привело к тому, что возникли новые проблемы в команде.

  Her decision led to incurring new problems within the team.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'понести' and 'возникнуть' are verbs in Russian, which means they undergo conjugation based on tense, aspect, person, and number. 'Понести' is a perfective verb (indicating completion), while 'возникнуть' is also perfective. Russian verbs have imperfective counterparts (e.g., 'нести' for 'понести').

Note: These verbs do not change for gender in the infinitive form but do in the past tense. They are irregular in some aspects, especially in past tense formations.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • приобрести (priobresti) - Similar to 'incur' in acquiring something, but with a nuance of gaining rather than suffering.
  • навлечь (navlech') - Used for bringing upon oneself, often negative, with a more forceful connotation.
• Antonyms:
  • избежать (izbezhat') - To avoid or evade incurring something.
  • предотвратить (predotvratit') - To prevent, directly opposing the idea of incurring.

Related Phrases:

• Понести убытки (Ponesli ubytki) - To incur losses; commonly used in financial contexts.
• Возникнуть проблемы (Vozniknut' problemy) - To incur problems; refers to unexpected issues arising.
• Понести ответственность (Ponesli otvetstvennost') - To incur responsibility; implies taking on duties or blame.

Usage Notes:

'Понести' directly corresponds to 'incur' in contexts involving costs or consequences, making it a precise translation for formal English usage. However, Russian often emphasizes aspect (perfective vs. imperfective), so choose based on whether the action is completed. For informal speech, 'возникнуть' might be more natural. Be mindful of grammatical gender in past tense conjugations, and avoid using these verbs in overly casual settings where simpler synonyms could suffice.

• In business English, 'incur expenses' translates best to 'понести расходы'.
• When multiple translations exist, select based on context: use 'понести' for personal agency and 'возникнуть' for passive emergence.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse the perfective and imperfective aspects. For example, they might incorrectly use 'нести' (imperfective, ongoing) instead of 'понести' (perfective, completed action) in a sentence like: Incorrect: "Я несу убытки" (implies ongoing losses, not a one-time event). Correct: "Я понёс убытки" (for a completed incidence). Another error is neglecting gender agreement in past tense: Incorrect: "Она понёс" (should be "Она понесла" for feminine subject). Always check the verb's aspect to match the English tense accurately.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, verbs like 'понести' often carry a sense of personal accountability, reflecting the language's emphasis on collective responsibility in historical contexts, such as in Soviet-era literature where characters 'incur' societal burdens. This can add a layer of moral weight not always present in English usage.

Related Concepts:

• убытки (ubytki) - Losses
• штраф (shtraf) - Fine
• ответственность (otvetstvennost') - Responsibility