Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'income'

English Word: income

Key Russian Translations:

• доход [dɐˈxot] - [Formal, commonly used in financial and professional contexts]

Frequency: Medium (This word is frequently encountered in economic discussions, business reports, and everyday financial conversations in Russian media and literature.)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, based on CEFR standards; learners at this level should be able to use it in context, though mastering its inflections may require practice.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

доход: [dɐˈxot]

Note on доход: The stress falls on the second syllable ('xot'), which is a common feature in Russian nouns. Be mindful of the soft 'd' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers. Variations in pronunciation may occur in regional dialects, but [dɐˈxot] is standard.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: Money received regularly from work, investments, or other sources.

Translation(s) & Context:

• доход - Used in formal financial contexts, such as tax declarations or business discussions, to refer to overall earnings.

Usage Examples:

• Мой доход от инвестиций вырос на 20% в прошлом году.

  My income from investments increased by 20% last year.

• Правительство планирует повысить налоги на доход физических лиц.

  The government plans to raise taxes on individuals' income.

• Её основной доход составляет от фриланс-работы.

  Her main income comes from freelance work.

• В отчёте указано, что средний доход семьи в регионе составляет 50 000 рублей.

  The report states that the average family income in the region is 50,000 rubles.

• После кризиса многие потеряли стабильный доход и вынуждены были сменить профессию.

  After the crisis, many lost their stable income and had to change professions.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Доход is a masculine noun in Russian and follows the standard third-declension pattern for nouns ending in a consonant. It is inflected based on case, number, and gender. As a singular noun, it does not have plural forms in most contexts, but can be used in plural for multiple sources.

Note: The plural form "доходы" is used when referring to multiple income streams or sources, which is common in financial analyses.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • заработок - Similar to "earnings," but often implies income from labor; used in more everyday contexts.
  • прибыль - Specifically for profit from business, with a nuance of net gain after expenses.
• Antonyms:
  • расход - Refers to expenses or outflows of money.
  • убыток - Means loss, particularly in financial or business contexts.

Related Phrases:

• Источник дохода - Source of income; commonly used in job discussions or financial planning.
• Пассивный доход - Passive income; refers to earnings from investments without active work.
• Доходный налог - Income tax; a key phrase in legal and fiscal contexts.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "доход" directly corresponds to the English "income" in formal settings, such as economics, taxation, and official documents. It is preferred in professional contexts over more casual synonyms like "заработок." Be aware of grammatical agreement: as a masculine noun, it must agree in case with accompanying words (e.g., "высокий доход" for "high income"). When choosing between translations, use "доход" for broader financial income and "зарплата" for salary specifically. It's neutral in terms of register but leans formal, so avoid in very informal speech.

Common Errors:

• Confusing "доход" with "зарплата": Learners often use "доход" when "зарплата" (salary) is more precise for employment-based earnings. Incorrect: "Моя зарплата — это доход от работы." Correct: "Моя зарплата — это часть моего дохода." Explanation: "Доход" encompasses all earnings, while "зарплата" is specific to wages.
• Incorrect inflection: Forgetting case changes, e.g., saying "без доход" instead of "без дохода" in genitive contexts. Incorrect: "Я живу без доход." Correct: "Я живу без дохода." Explanation: Russian requires proper case for prepositional phrases.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and society, "доход" often ties into discussions of economic inequality and state policies, given Russia's history with centralized economies. For instance, income levels can reflect regional disparities, and terms like "доход" are frequently used in media to address social welfare issues, such as minimum wage debates or the impact of sanctions on personal finances.

Related Concepts:

• налог
• бюджет
• зарплата