Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'hoard'

English Word: hoard

Key Russian Translations:

• Клад [klad] - [Formal, Noun; Refers to a hidden or accumulated treasure]
• Скоплять [skɐˈplʲætʲ] - [Informal, Verb; Used in everyday contexts for accumulating items]
• Накоплять [nəkɐˈplʲætʲ] - [Formal, Verb; Implies systematic hoarding, often with a sense of long-term storage]

Frequency: Medium - These words are encountered in literature, historical contexts, and everyday Russian, but not as common as basic vocabulary like "дом" (house).

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate) for "Клад" and "Скоплять"; C1 (Advanced) for "Накоплять" due to nuanced connotations and verb conjugations.

Pronunciation (Russian):

Клад: [klad] - Stress on the first syllable; the 'л' is a soft lateral approximant.

Скоплять: [skɐˈplʲætʲ] - Stress on the second syllable; note the palatalized 'лʲ' which can be tricky for learners.

Накоплять: [nəkɐˈplʲætʲ] - Stress on the third syllable; pay attention to the vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, common in Russian.

Note on Скоплять: The palatalized 'тʲ' at the end can vary slightly in casual speech, sometimes softening to a near 'ch' sound.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Noun - A collection of valuable items stored or hidden away.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Клад - Used in formal or literary contexts, such as describing buried treasure in historical narratives.

Usage Examples:

• В старом доме нашли древний клад золота и драгоценностей.

  In the old house, they found an ancient hoard of gold and jewels.

• Археологи мечтают о кладе, спрятанном пиратами в пещере.

  Archaeologists dream of a hoard hidden by pirates in a cave.

• Этот клад был накоплен веками, но теперь он в музее.

  This hoard was accumulated over centuries, but now it's in a museum.

• Во время войны люди часто создавали тайные клады для защиты ценностей.

  During the war, people often created secret hoards to protect their valuables.

• Клад в саду оказался легендой, но дети все равно копали.

  The hoard in the garden turned out to be a legend, but the children dug anyway.

Meaning 2: Verb - To accumulate or store items, often excessively or secretly.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Скоплять - Informal, everyday usage, especially for personal savings or collections.
• Накоплять - More formal, used in contexts involving long-term accumulation, like finances or resources.

Usage Examples:

• Она скопляет старые книги в подвале, чтобы никто не видел.

  She hoards old books in the basement so no one sees them.

• Во время кризиса люди начали накоплять продукты в кладовке.

  During the crisis, people started hoarding food in the pantry.

• Он скопляет монеты с детства, и теперь у него целая коллекция.

  He has been hoarding coins since childhood, and now he has a whole collection.

• Правительство пытается накопить запасы на зиму, но цены растут.

  The government is trying to hoard supplies for winter, but prices are rising.

• Не скопляй слишком много вещей; это может привести к беспорядку.

  Don't hoard too many things; it can lead to clutter.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For "Клад" (a masculine noun, 3rd declension):

For "Скоплять" and "Накоплять" (imperfective verbs, 1st conjugation):

These verbs follow standard conjugation patterns. Example for "Скоплять" in present tense:

• Я скопляю (I hoard)
• Ты скопляешь (You hoard, singular informal)
• Он/Она скопляет (He/She hoards)
• Мы скопляем (We hoard)
• Вы скопляете (You hoard, plural/formal)
• Они скопляют (They hoard)

Note: These verbs are irregular in perfective forms (e.g., "Скопить" as perfective of "Скоплять"), which should be learned separately.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms for Клад: Сокровище (treasure), Запас (reserve) - "Сокровище" implies more value and rarity.
• Synonyms for Скоплять: Накоплять (accumulate), Собирать (collect) - "Собирать" is less intense, used for casual gathering.
• Antonyms: Тратить (spend), Расходовать (expend) - Often used in financial contexts.

Related Phrases:

• Скрытый клад - Hidden hoard; Refers to something valuable concealed, often in adventure stories.
• Накопить богатство - To hoard wealth; Used in discussions about saving money or assets.
• Скоплять на черный день - To hoard for a rainy day; A common idiom for saving for emergencies.

Usage Notes:

"Клад" directly corresponds to the noun form of "hoard" in English, emphasizing hidden or buried items, and is ideal for formal or historical contexts. "Скоплять" and "Накоплять" align with the verb form but differ in tone: use "Скоплять" for informal, everyday hoarding (e.g., personal habits), while "Накоплять" suits more structured scenarios like economics. Be mindful of Russian's aspect system—pair with perfective forms like "Скопить" for completed actions. In formal writing, prefer "Накоплять" to convey intentional accumulation.

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing "Клад" with "Кладбище" (cemetery), which sounds similar but means something entirely different. Correct: Use "Клад" only for treasures, not burial sites. Example of error: "Я нашел кладбище золота" (wrong); Correct: "Я нашел клад золота".
• Error: Overusing "Скоплять" in formal contexts. Correct: In official documents, opt for "Накоплять". Example of error: "Правительство скопляет ресурсы" (too informal); Correct: "Правительство накапливает ресурсы".
• Error: Neglecting verb aspects. Learners might say "Я скопляю деньги" for a completed action; Correct: Use "Я скопил деньги" for past completion.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, "Клад" often evokes folklore tales like those in Russian fairy stories (e.g., from Alexander Pushkin's works), where hidden hoards symbolize adventure, greed, or national heritage. During historical events like World War II, hoarding (e.g., "скоплять еду") was a survival strategy, reflecting themes of resilience in Russian literature and media.

Related Concepts:

• Сокровище (treasure)
• Запас (reserve)
• Коллекционировать (to collect)