Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'fertilization'

English Word: fertilization

Key Russian Translations:

• оплодотворение [ɐplədɐtvɐˈrʲenʲje] - [Formal, Scientific/Biological]
• удобрение [ʊdɐˈbrʲenʲje] - [Formal, Agricultural]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in scientific, educational, and agricultural contexts, but not in everyday casual conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate for biological contexts like оплодотворение; B1 for agricultural contexts like удобрение, as they involve technical vocabulary but follow standard Russian noun patterns)

Pronunciation (Russian):

оплодотворение: [ɐplədɐtvɐˈrʲenʲje]

Note on оплодотворение: The stress falls on the fourth syllable (-to-), which can be tricky for learners; pronounce the 'р' as a rolled 'r' for authenticity in formal settings.

удобрение: [ʊdɐˈbrʲenʲje]

Note on удобрение: Stress on the third syllable (-bre-); the initial 'у' is pronounced as a short 'oo' sound, similar to "book" in English.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Biological process: The fusion of gametes to form a zygote (e.g., in humans or plants).

Translation(s) & Context:

• оплодотворение - Used in scientific, medical, or educational contexts to describe reproductive processes; formal and precise.

Usage Examples:

• В процессе оплодотворения яйцеклетка соединяется со сперматозоидом.

  In the process of fertilization, the egg cell unites with the sperm.

• Искусственное оплодотворение помогает парам, сталкивающимся с бесплодием.

  Artificial fertilization helps couples facing infertility.

• Оплодотворение растений происходит через опыление ветром или насекомыми.

  Fertilization of plants occurs through wind or insect pollination.

• Учёные изучают этапы оплодотворения для улучшения методов репродуктивной медицины.

  Scientists study the stages of fertilization to improve reproductive medicine methods.

Agricultural process: The application of nutrients to soil to promote plant growth.

Translation(s) & Context:

• удобрение - Used in farming, gardening, or environmental discussions; formal in professional contexts but can appear in everyday agricultural talk.

Usage Examples:

• Правильное удобрение почвы повышает урожайность культур.

  Proper fertilization of the soil increases crop yields.

• Органическое удобрение, такое как компост, предпочтительнее химических веществ.

  Organic fertilization, such as compost, is preferable to chemical substances.

• Фермеры применяют удобрение весной, чтобы подготовить землю к посадке.

  Farmers apply fertilization in the spring to prepare the soil for planting.

• Избыточное удобрение может привести к загрязнению грунтовых вод.

  Excessive fertilization can lead to contamination of groundwater.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both primary translations are neuter nouns in Russian and follow standard declension patterns. оплодотворение is a neuter noun of the second declension, while удобрение is also neuter and follows similar rules. They do not have irregular inflections but change based on case and number.

Note: These nouns are invariant in gender and do not change for adjectives unless modified.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • зачатие (zachatie) - More specific to conception in humans; often used interchangeably with оплодотворение in biological contexts.
  • опыление (opylenie) - For plant fertilization only; less formal in agricultural discussions.
• Antonyms:
  • истощение (istoshchenie) - Depletion, as in soil nutrient loss, opposite to удобрение.
  • бесплодие (besplodie) - Infertility, contrasting with оплодотворение in reproductive contexts.

Related Phrases:

• Искусственное оплодотворение - Artificial fertilization; used in medical contexts for assisted reproduction.
• Органическое удобрение - Organic fertilization; refers to eco-friendly farming practices.
• Внеклеточное оплодотворение - Extracellular fertilization; a biological term for processes in aquatic organisms.

Usage Notes:

Choose оплодотворение for biological or reproductive contexts, as it directly corresponds to the scientific meaning of "fertilization" in English. It is formal and avoids casual language. For agricultural use, удобрение is the precise equivalent and is commonly used in professional settings. Be mindful of context to avoid confusion—e.g., don't use удобрение in medical discussions. Grammatically, both nouns require agreement in case, number, and gender with accompanying words, which is standard in Russian.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Confusing оплодотворение with зачатие and using it incorrectly in human reproduction contexts. Correct: Оплодотворение refers to the fertilization process, while зачатие is more about conception. Example of error: "Зачатие яйцеклетки" (incorrect overlap); Correct: "Оплодотворение яйцеклетки".
• Mistake: Overusing удобрение without specifying type, leading to ambiguity. Correct: Specify as органическое or химическое. Example of error: "Удобрение почвы" without context; Correct: "Химическое удобрение почвы" for clarity.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, terms like оплодотворение are often discussed in educational and medical contexts with sensitivity, especially regarding human reproduction, due to historical influences from Soviet-era science and modern Orthodox views on family. Удобрение reflects Russia's agricultural heritage, emphasizing sustainable practices in vast rural areas.

Related Concepts:

• репродукция (reproduktsiya)
• урожайность (urozhainost')
• почвоведение (pochvovedenie)