Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'exception'

English Word: exception

Key Russian Translations:

• исключение [ɪsklʊˈt͡ɕenʲɪje] - [Formal, used in general contexts for something that is not included or deviates from a rule]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in formal writing, legal, or academic discussions, but not in everyday casual speech)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, based on CEFR; requires understanding of noun declensions and contextual usage)

Pronunciation (Russian):

исключение: [ɪsklʊˈt͡ɕenʲɪje]

Note on исключение: The stress falls on the third syllable (т͡ɕenʲ), which is common in Russian nouns. Be cautious with the palatalized 'н' sound, which can be challenging for English speakers.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary meaning: Something that is excluded from a general rule or statement

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключение - Used in formal contexts, such as legal documents or scientific explanations, to denote an anomaly or exemption.

Usage Examples:

• В этом правиле есть исключение для детей младше 18 лет.

  In this rule, there is an exception for children under 18 years old.

• Он не ест мясо, но делает исключение для рыбы по выходным.

  He doesn't eat meat, but he makes an exception for fish on weekends.

• В науке исключение может опровергнуть общую теорию.

  In science, an exception can disprove a general theory.

• Эта политика имеет исключение в чрезвычайных ситуациях.

  This policy has an exception in emergency situations.

• Без исключений, все должны следовать инструкциям.

  Without exceptions, everyone must follow the instructions.

Secondary meaning: In computing or programming, an error or unexpected event

Translation(s) & Context:

• исключение - Used in technical contexts, such as software development, to refer to errors handled by code.

Usage Examples:

• Программа генерирует исключение при неверном вводе данных.

  The program generates an exception when invalid data is entered.

• Разработчик должен обработать исключение, чтобы избежать сбоев.

  The developer must handle the exception to avoid crashes.

• Это исключение указывает на проблему в алгоритме.

  This exception indicates a problem in the algorithm.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

исключение is a neuter noun in Russian, which follows the standard declension pattern for nouns ending in -ие. It is inflected based on case and number, with no irregularities. Below is a table of its forms:

Note: The word does not change in gender and has no verbal forms, as it is a noun.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • инородное (inorodnoye) - Something foreign or out of place, often used in metaphorical contexts.
  • выход за рамки (vykhod za ramki) - Literally "stepping outside the frame," implying a deviation.
• Antonyms:
  • правило (pravilo) - Rule or norm.
  • стандарт (standart) - Standard or norm.

Related Phrases:

• Без исключения (Bez isklyucheniya) - Without exception; used to emphasize universality in formal statements.
• Сделать исключение (Sdelat' isklyucheniye) - To make an exception; common in decision-making contexts.
• Исключение из правила (Isklyucheniye iz pravila) - Exception to the rule; a fixed phrase in legal or educational discussions.

Usage Notes:

исключение directly corresponds to "exception" in English, particularly in contexts involving rules, laws, or errors. It is typically formal and not used in casual conversation; opt for simpler synonyms in everyday speech. When using in sentences, pay attention to case declensions to match the grammatical structure—e.g., use genitive for possession. If multiple translations exist, choose based on context: "исключение" for general or technical use, but avoid overusing it in beginner-level Russian to prevent sounding overly formal.

• Grammar tip: Always decline the noun according to its role in the sentence.
• Contextual choice: In programming, it's interchangeable with English terms, but in social contexts, ensure it fits the formal register.

Common Errors:

English learners often misuse the declensions of исключение, such as using the nominative form in all cases. For example:

• Error: "Я думаю о исключение" (incorrect declension).
• Correct: "Я думаю об исключении" (prepositional case for "about").
• Explanation: Russian requires case agreement; forgetting this can lead to grammatical errors that native speakers find awkward.
• Another error: Confusing it with "исключить" (to exclude), which is a verb. Error example: "Исключение еда" (meaningless). Correct: "Исключить еду" for "to exclude food".

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, the concept of "исключение" often reflects a societal emphasis on rules and hierarchies, as seen in legal systems or bureaucratic processes. For instance, exceptions in rules can symbolize flexibility in an otherwise rigid structure, which is a common theme in Russian literature, like in works by Tolstoy, where characters navigate exceptions to social norms.

Related Concepts:

• право (pravo) - Law or right.
• ошибка (oshibka) - Error or mistake.
• аномалия (anomalia) - Anomaly.