Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'every'

English Word: every

Key Russian Translations:

• каждый [ˈkaʐ·dɨj] - [Formal; Used in general contexts to indicate 'each' or 'every' in singular or plural nouns]

Frequency: High (This word is commonly used in everyday Russian speech and writing, appearing frequently in both formal and informal contexts.)

Difficulty: A1 (Beginner level; Straightforward for English learners as it directly corresponds to basic quantifiers, though inflection requires basic grammar knowledge.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

каждый: [ˈkaʐ·dɨj]

Note on каждый: The 'ж' sound ([ʐ]) is a voiced retroflex fricative, similar to the 's' in 'measure' in English. Stress is on the first syllable. Variations in pronunciation may occur in dialects, but standard Russian uses this IPA.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: Each one of a group (Referring to every single item or person in a set)

Translation(s) & Context:

• каждый - Used in contexts involving repetition, universality, or individual items within a collection, such as in daily routines or general statements. Common in formal writing and spoken language.

Usage Examples:

• Каждый день я хожу в школу.

  Every day I go to school. (This example shows 'every' in a routine context with a time expression.)

• Каждый студент должен сдать задание вовремя.

  Every student must submit the assignment on time. (Illustrates 'every' with a plural noun in an educational setting.)

• В каждом городе есть свой уникальный шарм.

  Every city has its own unique charm. (Demonstrates 'every' in a more abstract, descriptive context.)

• Каждый раз, когда я путешествую, я учу что-то новое.

  Every time I travel, I learn something new. (Shows 'every' in a temporal phrase indicating repetition.)

Meaning 2: Every other or each successive (Less common, implying alternation)

Translation(s) & Context:

• каждый - Used when emphasizing intervals, such as 'every other day', but often requires additional words for clarity in Russian.

Usage Examples:

• Я хожу в спортзал каждый второй день.

  I go to the gym every other day. (This highlights 'every' in an alternating schedule.)

• Каждый третий год мы устраиваем семейный reunion.

  Every third year, we hold a family reunion. (Example of 'every' with a numerical interval.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

'Каждый' is an indefinite pronoun/adjective that inflects based on gender, number, and case, as it agrees with the noun it modifies. It is not a verb, so it doesn't change for tense. Here's a detailed table for its inflections:

Note: The base form 'каждый' is for masculine singular nominative. It follows regular adjective declension patterns, making it predictable for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms: всякий (vsiakiy - implies 'any' or 'every' with a sense of indifference), любой (lubiǒi - means 'any' or 'every' in choice contexts; often interchangeable but 'любой' emphasizes options)
• Antonyms: ни один (ni odin - not a single one; used to negate 'every')

Related Phrases:

• Каждый день (kazhdyi den) - Every day; A common phrase for routines.
• Каждый раз (kazhdyi raz) - Every time; Used for repeated actions.
• В каждом случае (v kazhdom sluchae) - In every case; Implies universality in scenarios.

Usage Notes:

'Каждый' directly corresponds to 'every' in English but must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, unlike English where 'every' remains unchanged. It is versatile for formal and informal contexts but is more common in written Russian or educational settings. When choosing between translations like 'каждый' and 'всякий', opt for 'каждый' for emphasis on individuality. Be cautious with word order in sentences to maintain natural flow.

Common Errors:

• English learners often forget to inflect 'каждый' for case and gender, e.g., saying Я видел каждый девушку (incorrect) instead of Я видел каждую девушку (correct). Explanation: In accusative case with a feminine noun like 'девушку', it must change to 'каждую' to agree.
• Confusing it with 'все' (all), leading to overuse, e.g., saying все студенты when 'every student' is meant, which implies the whole group rather than individuals.

Cultural Notes:

While 'каждый' doesn't carry strong cultural connotations, it reflects the Russian language's emphasis on precision in describing collectives and individuals, often seen in literature like Tolstoy's works where universal human experiences are explored. In modern Russian culture, phrases like 'каждый день' are staples in daily life, underscoring the value placed on routine and endurance in Russian society.

Related Concepts:

• все (vse - all)
• любой (lubiǒi - any)
• какой-то (kakoi-to - some)