Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Cytology'

English Word: Cytology

Key Russian Translations:

• Цитология [t͡sɨ.tɐ.lə.ɡʲɪ.jə] - [Formal; Scientific/Academic]

Frequency: Low (Primarily used in specialized fields like medicine and biology; not common in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: C1 (Advanced; Requires knowledge of scientific terminology and Russian grammatical structures for accurate usage)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Цитология: [t͡sɨ.tɐ.lə.ɡʲɪ.jə]

Note on Цитология: The stress falls on the third syllable ("логия"), which is common in Russian loanwords from Greek. Be mindful of the palatalized "гʲ" sound, which can be challenging for non-native speakers.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

The branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, and pathology of cells.

Translation(s) & Context:

• Цитология - Used in formal scientific contexts, such as medical research or educational settings, to refer to the study of cells.

Usage Examples:

• В университете я изучаю цитологию, чтобы лучше понять клеточные процессы.

  In university, I study cytology to better understand cellular processes.

• Современная цитология играет ключевую роль в диагностике рака.

  Modern cytology plays a key role in cancer diagnosis.

• Курс по цитологии включает изучение различных типов клеток под микроскопом.

  The cytology course includes studying various types of cells under a microscope.

• В лаборатории мы применяем методы цитологии для анализа тканей.

  In the lab, we apply cytology methods to analyze tissues.

• Цитология развивается благодаря новым технологиям, таким как электронная микроскопия.

  Cytology is advancing thanks to new technologies like electron microscopy.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Цитология" is a feminine noun (from Greek origin) and follows the standard patterns of third-declension nouns in Russian. It has regular inflections based on case and number. Below is a table outlining its key forms:

Note: The plural forms are less commonly used, as "цитология" typically refers to the field as a whole. It does not have irregular changes.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Клеточная биология (Cell biology; More general and interchangeable in biological contexts)
  • Гистология (Histology; Overlaps with cytology but focuses more on tissues; use when emphasizing microscopic anatomy)
• Antonyms:
  • Макроанатомия (Macroanatomy; Refers to the study of larger structures, contrasting with the microscopic focus of cytology)

Related Phrases:

• Медицинская цитология - Medical cytology; Refers to the application of cytology in healthcare diagnostics.
• Клеточная цитология - Cellular cytology; Emphasizes the study of individual cells in detail.
• Цитологический анализ - Cytological analysis; A common phrase for laboratory procedures involving cell examination.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "цитология" directly corresponds to the English "cytology" as a scientific term, but it is typically used in formal, academic, or professional contexts. English speakers should note that Russian nouns like this require correct case agreement; for example, use the genitive case after prepositions like "о" (about), as in "о цитологии". If multiple translations exist, choose based on context: "цитология" for general biology, and "клеточная биология" for broader cellular studies. Avoid using it in casual conversation, as it may sound overly technical.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using the wrong case, e.g., saying "Я интересуюсь цитология" instead of "Я интересуюсь цитологией" (genitive case required after "интересуюсь").

  Correct: Я интересуюсь цитологией. Explanation: Russian verbs often govern specific cases, and "интересуюсь" requires the instrumental case for the object of interest.

• Error: Confusing it with "гистология" and using it interchangeably without context.

  Correct: Use "цитология" for cell-level studies and "гистология" for tissue-level. Explanation: These are related but distinct; misusing them can lead to inaccuracies in scientific discussions.

Cultural Notes:

"Цитология" as a term reflects Russia's strong tradition in biological sciences, influenced by historical figures like Ivan Pavlov and modern contributions to cell research. In Russian culture, scientific fields like this are highly valued in education, often appearing in state curricula, which underscores the emphasis on technical expertise in society.

Related Concepts:

• Биология
• Генетика
• Микробиология