Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Conclusion'

English Word: Conclusion

Key Russian Translations:

• вывод [ˈvɨvət] - [Formal, Singular]
• заключение [zəklʲʊˈtɕenʲɪjə] - [Formal, Neutral]

Frequency: Medium

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) for both translations

Pronunciation (Russian):

вывод: [ˈvɨvət]

Note on вывод: Stress falls on the first syllable, which is common for many Russian nouns of this type.

заключение: [zəklʲʊˈtɕenʲɪjə]

Note on заключение: Pay attention to the soft consonant 'ч' and stress on the third syllable.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. A final decision or judgment (e.g., in reasoning or analysis)

Translation(s) & Context:

• вывод - Often used in logical or analytical contexts, such as drawing conclusions from data or arguments.
• заключение - Can also be used in formal or legal contexts, such as a verdict or summary.

Usage Examples:

• На основе этих данных можно сделать вывод, что проект успешен.

  Based on this data, one can draw the conclusion that the project is successful.

• Его выводы были основаны на тщательном анализе.

  His conclusions were based on thorough analysis.

• В заключении суда было указано, что обвиняемый невиновен.

  The court's conclusion stated that the defendant was not guilty.

• Заключение доклада подвело итоги всех исследований.

  The conclusion of the report summarized all the research.

• Мы пришли к выводу, что нужно изменить стратегию.

  We came to the conclusion that we need to change the strategy.

2. The end or final part (e.g., of a speech, book, or event)

Translation(s) & Context:

• заключение - Primarily used for the ending of formal texts, speeches, or events.

Usage Examples:

• В заключении своей речи он поблагодарил всех присутствующих.

  In the conclusion of his speech, he thanked everyone present.

• Заключение книги оставило много вопросов без ответов.

  The conclusion of the book left many questions unanswered.

• Заключение мероприятия было очень трогательным.

  The conclusion of the event was very touching.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

вывод (Masculine Noun): Follows the second declension pattern for masculine nouns ending in a consonant.

заключение (Neuter Noun): Follows the second declension pattern for neuter nouns ending in -ие.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for вывод:

• умозаключение
• итог

Note: 'умозаключение' is more formal and often used in philosophical or logical contexts, while 'итог' is broader and can refer to results or outcomes.

Synonyms for заключение:

• финал
• конец

Antonyms:

• начало (for заключение in the sense of 'end')
• предпосылка (for вывод in the sense of 'premise')

Related Phrases:

• сделать вывод - To draw a conclusion (used in reasoning or analysis).
• прийти к выводу - To come to a conclusion (common in discussions or reflections).
• в заключение - In conclusion (used to introduce final remarks or summaries).

Usage Notes:

• While both 'вывод' and 'заключение' can translate to 'conclusion,' 'вывод' is more specific to logical deductions or inferences, whereas 'заключение' is broader and often used for formal summaries or endings.
• Use 'заключение' when referring to the conclusion of a text, speech, or event, and 'вывод' when discussing conclusions drawn from evidence or reasoning.
• Be mindful of the context, as 'заключение' can also mean 'imprisonment' in legal contexts (e.g., 'заключение под стражу' - detention).

Common Errors:

• Error: Using 'вывод' to refer to the end of a book or speech.
  Incorrect: В выводе книги...
  Correct: В заключении книги...
  Explanation: 'Вывод' pertains to logical conclusions, not structural endings.
• Error: Confusing 'заключение' with its legal meaning.
  Explanation: Without context, 'заключение' might be misinterpreted as 'imprisonment.' Always clarify the intended meaning with surrounding text.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian academic and formal writing, 'заключение' is a critical section of essays, reports, or speeches, often summarizing key points. It carries significant weight in structured communication, reflecting the Russian emphasis on clarity and formality in professional contexts.

Related Concepts:

• анализ (analysis)
• результат (result)
• итог (outcome)