Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Chromosome'

English Word: chromosome

Key Russian Translations:

• хромосома [xrəmɐˈsomə] - [Formal, Scientific]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in scientific and educational contexts)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate) - Suitable for learners with a moderate grasp of Russian vocabulary and scientific terminology

Pronunciation (Russian):

хромосома: [xrəmɐˈsomə]

Note on хромосома: The stress falls on the third syllable ('so'). The initial 'х' is pronounced as a voiceless fricative, similar to the 'h' in Scottish 'loch'.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. Biological Structure (Genetics)

Translation(s) & Context:

• хромосома - Used in scientific, academic, and medical contexts to refer to the structure in cells that carries genetic information.

Usage Examples:

• Каждая клетка человека содержит 46 хромосом.

  Every human cell contains 46 chromosomes.

• Хромосомы играют ключевую роль в передаче генетической информации.

  Chromosomes play a key role in the transmission of genetic information.

• Ученые изучают хромосомные аномалии для диагностики заболеваний.

  Scientists study chromosomal abnormalities to diagnose diseases.

• Пол определяется хромосомами X и Y.

  Gender is determined by the X and Y chromosomes.

• Повреждение хромосом может привести к мутациям.

  Damage to chromosomes can lead to mutations.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

хромосома is a feminine noun in Russian. It follows the standard declension pattern for feminine nouns ending in '-а'.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms:

• нет точных синонимов (No exact synonyms, as this is a specialized scientific term)

Antonyms:

• нет прямых антонимов (No direct antonyms, as this is a specific biological concept)

Related Phrases:

• половые хромосомы - Sex chromosomes (refers to X and Y chromosomes determining gender)
• хромосомный набор - Chromosomal set (the complete set of chromosomes in a cell)
• хромосомная мутация - Chromosomal mutation (a change in the structure or number of chromosomes)

Usage Notes:

• The Russian word хромосома directly corresponds to the English "chromosome" and is used exclusively in formal, scientific, or educational contexts.
• It is a loanword from Greek/Latin roots, adapted to Russian phonetics and grammar, so it will be familiar to those with a background in biology or genetics.
• Ensure proper stress placement (on 'so') when pronouncing, as misplacing stress can make the word sound unnatural to native speakers.

Common Errors:

• Error: Incorrect stress placement (e.g., stressing the first syllable as in 'хро́мосома' instead of 'хромосо́ма').
  Correction: Always stress the third syllable: [xrəmɐˈsomə]. Misplaced stress can confuse listeners or make the speaker sound non-native.
• Error: Using the word in informal contexts or attempting to create diminutives (e.g., 'хромосомка').
  Correction: This term is strictly formal and scientific; avoid colloquial modifications as they are unnatural in Russian.

Cultural Notes:

There are no significant cultural connotations associated with хромосома in Russian. It is a purely scientific term, and its usage mirrors that in English-speaking contexts, primarily appearing in academic discussions, biology education, and medical research.

Related Concepts:

• ген (gene)
• ДНК (DNA)
• митоз (mitosis)
• мейоз (meiosis)