Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'Bile'

English Word: Bile

Key Russian Translations:

• Жёлчь [ˈʐolʲtɕ] - [Formal, Medical, Literal]
• Злость [ˈzlostʲ] - [Informal, Figurative, Emotional]

Frequency: Medium (Жёлчь - Medium in medical contexts; Злость - High in everyday speech)

Difficulty: Жёлчь - B2 (Intermediate); Злость - A2 (Beginner)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Жёлчь: [ˈʐolʲtɕ]

Note on Жёлчь: The initial 'Ж' sound is a voiced retroflex fricative, unique to Russian. Stress is on the first syllable.

Злость: [ˈzlostʲ]

Note on Злость: The 'о' is pronounced as a short 'o' due to stress on the first syllable. The final 'ть' is palatalized.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. Literal Meaning (Biological Fluid)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Жёлчь - Used in medical or scientific contexts to refer to the digestive fluid produced by the liver.

Usage Examples:

• Жёлчь помогает переваривать жиры в организме.

  Bile helps digest fats in the body.

• У него проблемы с выделением жёлчи.

  He has issues with bile secretion.

• Жёлчь накапливается в жёлчном пузыре.

  Bile accumulates in the gallbladder.

2. Figurative Meaning (Anger or Resentment)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Злость - Commonly used to express anger, bitterness, or spite in everyday speech.

Usage Examples:

• Его слова полны злости и обиды.

  His words are full of bile and resentment.

• Она не могла скрыть свою злость.

  She couldn’t hide her bile.

• Злость только разрушает отношения.

  Bile only destroys relationships.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Жёлчь (Noun, Feminine, 3rd Declension):

Case	Singular
Nominative	Жёлчь
Genitive	Жёлчи
Dative	Жёлчи
Accusative	Жёлчь
Instrumental	Жёлчью
Prepositional	О жёлчи

Note: Жёлчь is an uncountable noun and does not have plural forms.

Злость (Noun, Feminine, 3rd Declension):

Case	Singular
Nominative	Злость
Genitive	Злости
Dative	Злости
Accusative	Злость
Instrumental	Злостью
Prepositional	О злости

Note: Злость is also typically uncountable and used in singular form.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

Synonyms for Жёлчь (Literal):

• Нет точных синонимов в общем употреблении

Synonyms for Злость (Figurative):

• Гнев (Anger, more intense)
• Ярость (Rage, stronger emotion)
• Обида (Resentment, milder)

Antonyms for Злость (Figurative):

• Доброта (Kindness)
• Миролюбие (Peacefulness)

Related Phrases:

• Излить жёлчь - Literally "to pour out bile," meaning to vent anger or frustration.
• Полон злости - "Full of bile," meaning very angry or bitter.
• Жёлчный человек - "Bilious person," referring to someone who is irritable or bad-tempered.

Usage Notes:

• Жёлчь is primarily used in literal, medical contexts. It is rarely used figuratively in modern Russian.
• Злость is the go-to term for the figurative sense of "bile" (anger or bitterness) and is far more common in everyday speech.
• Be cautious when translating "bile" as the context determines the correct Russian term. Using Жёлчь in an emotional context would sound unnatural.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using Жёлчь to mean anger or bitterness. Incorrect: "Он полон жёлчи" (Intended: He is full of bile/anger).
  Correct: "Он полон злости."
• Error: Mispronouncing Злость by stressing the second syllable. This changes the meaning or sounds unnatural.
  Correct: Stress is on the first syllable [ˈzlostʲ].

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, expressions of anger or bitterness (Злость) are often tied to historical and literary contexts where emotional restraint is valued. However, in modern usage, Злость is a common and neutral way to describe anger. The concept of Жёлчь as bile may also evoke traditional Slavic medicine, where bodily fluids were linked to temperament (e.g., a "bilious" disposition).

Related Concepts:

• Гнев (Anger)
• Обида (Resentment)
• Жёлчный пузырь (Gallbladder)