Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'bacterial'

English Word: bacterial

Key Russian Translations:

• бактериальный [bɐk.tʲɪ.rʲɪˈalʲ.nɨj] - [Formal, Scientific]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in scientific, medical, and educational contexts, but less frequent in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with scientific vocabulary and basic Russian adjective declensions, suitable for learners with some exposure to technical language)

Pronunciation (Russian):

бактериальный: [bɐk.tʲɪ.rʲɪˈalʲ.nɨj]

Note on бактериальный: The stress falls on the fourth syllable (-ri-), which can be tricky for English speakers due to the palatalized 'tʲ' and 'rʲ' sounds. Pronounce it with a soft, rolling 'r' as in Russian. Variations may occur in rapid speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: Relating to or caused by bacteria (an adjective describing something connected to microorganisms)

Translation(s) & Context:

• бактериальный - Used in formal scientific or medical contexts to describe infections, growths, or processes involving bacteria, such as in biology or healthcare settings.

Usage Examples:

• Врачи диагностировали бактериальную инфекцию у пациента.

  Doctors diagnosed a bacterial infection in the patient.

• Бактериальная флора кишечника играет ключевую роль в пищеварении.

  The bacterial flora of the intestine plays a key role in digestion.

• Этот антибиотик эффективен против бактериальных заболеваний.

  This antibiotic is effective against bacterial diseases.

• В лаборатории изучают бактериальную культуру для научных исследований.

  In the laboratory, they are studying bacterial culture for scientific research.

• Бактериальная загрязненность воды может привести к эпидемиям.

  Bacterial contamination of water can lead to epidemics.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Бактериальный" is an adjective in Russian, which means it changes based on gender, number, and case. It follows the standard first-declension pattern for adjectives ending in -ый. Below is a table outlining its key inflections:

Note: This adjective does not have irregular forms, making it relatively straightforward once the basic rules are learned.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • микробный (mikrobnyy) - More general, often used interchangeably in casual scientific contexts, but slightly broader to include microbes beyond bacteria.
  • патогенный (patogennyy) - Implies pathogenicity, used when emphasizing disease-causing properties.
• Antonyms:
  • вирусный (virusnyy) - Refers to viral rather than bacterial origins.
  • стерильный (steril'nyy) - Means sterile or free from microorganisms.

Related Phrases:

• бактериальная инфекция - A bacterial infection; commonly used in medical discussions to describe illnesses caused by bacteria.
• бактериальная культура - Bacterial culture; refers to the growth of bacteria in a lab for study or testing.
• бактериальное загрязнение - Bacterial contamination; used in environmental or food safety contexts to indicate pollution by bacteria.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "бактериальный" directly corresponds to the English "bacterial" and is typically used as an attributive adjective before a noun. It is most common in formal or technical writing, such as in medicine or biology, and less so in everyday speech. When choosing between synonyms like "микробный," opt for "бактериальный" if the context specifically involves bacteria rather than a broader microbial category. Grammatically, always ensure it agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, as Russian adjectives must. For example, use the feminine form with words like "инфекция" (infection).

Common Errors:

• Error: Using the base form "бактериальный" without declension, e.g., saying "бактериальный инфекция" instead of "бактериальная инфекция."

  Correct: "Бактериальная инфекция" – Explanation: Russian adjectives must agree with the noun's gender (here, feminine), so learners often forget to change the ending.

• Error: Confusing it with "вирусный," leading to misuse in contexts like "бактериальный вирус" (which doesn't make sense).

  Correct: Use "вирусный" for viral contexts; Explanation: This stems from overlapping medical terminology, so clarify the specific microorganism involved.

Cultural Notes:

While "бактериальный" is a neutral scientific term, it reflects Russia's emphasis on microbiology in public health education, influenced by historical events like Soviet-era research on infectious diseases. In modern Russian culture, awareness of bacterial issues has grown due to global health crises, making terms like this more prominent in everyday media.

Related Concepts:

• вирус (virus)
• микроб (microbe)
• инфекция (infection)
• патоген (pathogen)