Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'typhoid'

English Word: typhoid

Key Russian Translations:

• тиф [ˈtʲif] - [Formal, Medical]
• тифозная лихорадка [tʲiˈfoznəjə lʲɪxɐˈrovkə] - [Formal, Medical, Specific to typhoid fever]

Frequency: Medium (Common in medical, health, or historical contexts, but not everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with medical terminology and basic Russian grammar, as per CEFR standards)

Pronunciation (Russian):

тиф: [ˈtʲif]

тифозная лихорадка: [tʲiˈfoznəjə lʲɪxɐˈrovkə]

Note on тиф: The initial "т" is palatalized (as in "tʲ"), which is a common feature in Russian for words starting with "т" followed by a vowel. Stress falls on the first syllable.

Note on тифозная лихорадка: This is a compound phrase; pronounce each word separately, with stress on "foz" in "тифозная" and "rov" in "лихорадка". Regional variations may soften the vowels.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Primary Meaning: A bacterial disease causing high fever and gastrointestinal issues (e.g., typhoid fever)

Translation(s) & Context:

• тиф - Used in general medical contexts to refer to typhoid or typhus; common in formal health discussions or historical references.
• тифозная лихорадка - More precise for typhoid fever specifically; used in clinical settings, public health announcements, or educational materials.

Usage Examples:

• Он заболел тифом во время путешествия по эндемичным регионам.

  He contracted typhoid during his trip to endemic regions.

• Врачи диагностировали у пациента тифозную лихорадку и немедленно начали лечение.

  Doctors diagnosed the patient with typhoid fever and started treatment immediately.

• История знает множество эпидемий тифа, которые опустошали города в XIX веке.

  History records many epidemics of typhoid that devastated cities in the 19th century.

• Профилактика тифа включает вакцинацию и соблюдение гигиенических норм.

  Prevention of typhoid involves vaccination and adhering to hygiene standards.

• Симптомы тифозной лихорадки могут включать высокую температуру и слабость.

  Symptoms of typhoid fever can include high fever and weakness.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"тиф" is a masculine noun in Russian, belonging to the third declension. It follows standard noun inflections for cases and numbers. "тифозная лихорадка" is a phrase where "тифозная" is a feminine adjective and "лихорадка" is a feminine noun.

For "тиф" (singular):

For "лихорадка" (feminine noun, first declension):

The adjective "тифозная" agrees with the noun it modifies and changes according to case, number, and gender (e.g., тифозного in genitive masculine). These inflections are regular, following standard Russian grammar rules.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • тифозная инфекция (typhoid infection; more clinical term)
  • энтеротيف (enterotyphus; specific subtype, used in specialized contexts)
• Antonyms:
  • Здоровье (health; general opposite concept, not a direct antonym)

Note: Synonyms like "тифозная инфекция" are interchangeable in medical writing but may emphasize different aspects, such as the infectious nature.

Related Phrases:

• Заболеть тифом - To contract typhoid; used in personal health narratives.
• Эпидемия тифозной лихорадки - Epidemic of typhoid fever; common in historical or news contexts.
• Профилактика тифа - Prevention of typhoid; often in public health discussions.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "тиф" is a broad term that can refer to both typhoid and typhus, so context is key to distinguish it from the English "typhoid." Use "тифозная лихорадка" for precise medical accuracy. This vocabulary is formal and restricted to professional or educational settings; avoid in casual conversation. When translating, ensure the sentence structure matches Russian grammar, as Russian often uses cases to indicate relationships (e.g., genitive for possession). If multiple translations exist, choose based on specificity: "тиф" for general use and "тифозная лихорадка" for detailed medical descriptions.

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing "тиф" with "грипп" (flu) due to similar symptoms. Correct: Use "тиф" only for bacterial infections like typhoid, not viral ones. Example of error: "У меня тиф" when meaning a cold (wrong). Correct: "У меня простуда" for a cold.

• Error: Forgetting adjective agreement in phrases like "тифозная лихорадка." Correct: Always ensure the adjective matches the noun's gender, number, and case. Example of error: "тифозный лихорадка" (wrong gender agreement). Correct: "тифозная лихорадка."

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and history, typhoid (тиф) is often associated with major epidemics, such as those during World War I and the Russian Revolution, which devastated urban populations due to poor sanitation. This historical context adds a layer of gravity to the term, making it a symbol of public health crises in literature and media, such as in works by authors like Tolstoy or in Soviet-era health campaigns.

Related Concepts:

• дизентерия (dysentery)
• холера (cholera)
• инфекционные заболевания (infectious diseases)