Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'taxation'

English Word: taxation

Key Russian Translations:

• налогообложение [nɐlɐɡəʊbləʐənʲe] - [Formal]
• налоги [nɐˈlɔɡʲɪ] - [Informal, Plural, Used in everyday discussions about taxes]

Frequency: Medium (Commonly used in formal contexts such as legal, economic, and governmental discussions, but less frequent in casual conversation).

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate level, as it involves understanding economic terminology and grammatical structures; for 'налогообложение', it's B2, while 'налоги' might be A2 for basic forms).

Pronunciation (Russian):

налогообложение: [nɐlɐɡəʊbləʐənʲe]

налоги: [nɐˈlɔɡʲɪ]

Note on налогообложение: This word has a complex consonant cluster in the middle, which can be challenging for English speakers; stress falls on the third syllable, and the 'г' is pronounced as a voiced velar fricative [ɡ].

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

The process or system of imposing and collecting taxes.

Translation(s) & Context:

• налогообложение - Used in formal contexts such as economic reports, legal documents, or policy discussions to refer to the structured system of taxation.
• налоги - Used in informal or general contexts to discuss taxes in a plural sense, often in everyday conversations about financial obligations.

Usage Examples:

• Правительство реформирует систему налогообложения для стимулирования экономического роста.

  The government is reforming the taxation system to stimulate economic growth.

• Налогообложение в этой стране считается одним из самых высоких в мире.

  Taxation in this country is considered one of the highest in the world.

• Малый бизнес часто страдает от сложного налогообложения.

  Small businesses often suffer from complicated taxation.

• Мы должны уплатить налоги вовремя, чтобы избежать штрафов.

  We must pay our taxes on time to avoid penalties.

• Налоги на доходы физических лиц увеличились в прошлом году.

  Income taxes for individuals increased last year.

The act of levying taxes on individuals or entities.

Translation(s) & Context:

• налогообложение - Applied in contexts involving government policy or fiscal law, emphasizing the procedural aspect.
• налоги - More casual, referring to the taxes themselves in plural form, often in personal finance discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Налогообложение товаров импорта вызывает споры среди бизнесменов.

  Taxation of imported goods sparks controversy among businessmen.

• Введение прогрессивного налогообложения помогает сократить социальное неравенство.

  Introducing progressive taxation helps reduce social inequality.

• Налоги с продажи недвижимости выросли на 10%.

  Taxes on real estate sales have increased by 10%.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

'налогообложение' is a neuter noun in the second declension (2nd declension neuter nouns). It follows standard patterns for Russian nouns, with changes based on case and number. It is typically used in singular form but can be pluralized in specific contexts.

'налоги' is a plural form of 'налог' (a masculine noun in the second declension). It does not inflect further as it is already plural, but 'налог' itself changes: Nominative singular: налог; Genitive singular: налога, etc. No irregular forms.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • налоговое бремя (tax burden; implies a heavier, more oppressive sense)
  • фискальная политика (fiscal policy; broader context, often interchangeable in economic discussions)
• Antonyms:
  • налоговые льготы (tax incentives or relief; opposite in the sense of reducing tax obligations)
  • налоговый иммунитет (tax immunity; used in legal contexts where taxes are exempt)

Related Phrases:

• налоговые льготы - Tax incentives or deductions, often used in business contexts to encourage investment.
• система налогообложения - The taxation system, referring to the overall framework of tax laws.
• уплата налогов - Payment of taxes, a common phrase in financial and administrative settings.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'налогообложение' directly corresponds to the formal English concept of 'taxation' as a system or process, making it ideal for academic or official translations. Use 'налоги' for more casual references to individual taxes. Be mindful of context: in formal writing, pair it with prepositions like 'в системе налогообложения' (in the taxation system). For English learners, note that Russian often requires specifying the case, which can affect word endings. When choosing between translations, opt for 'налогообложение' in policy discussions and 'налоги' in everyday scenarios to match the appropriate register.

Common Errors:

• Confusing 'налогообложение' with 'налог': English learners might use 'налог' (a single tax) when 'налогообложение' (the system) is needed. Incorrect: "Я плачу налог." (I pay the tax system) – This doesn't make sense. Correct: "Я плачу налоги." or "Это часть налогообложения." Explanation: 'Налог' is singular and refers to a specific tax, while 'налогообложение' is the broader process.

• Overlooking case changes: For example, saying "о налогообложение" instead of "о налогообложении" in prepositional case. Incorrect: "Говорить о налогообложение." Correct: "Говорить о налогообложении." Explanation: Russian nouns must agree in case, which is a common pitfall for speakers of non-inflected languages like English.

Cultural Notes:

In Russia, taxation has historical roots in the Soviet era, where high taxes funded state programs, leading to a cultural wariness of 'налогообложение' as potentially burdensome. Today, it often evokes discussions on economic inequality, as seen in reforms post-1991, reflecting broader themes of government control and fiscal responsibility in Russian society.

Related Concepts:

• бюджет (budget)
• финансы (finances)
• экономика (economy)