Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'stack'

English Word: stack

Key Russian Translations:

• стопка [ˈstop.kə] - [Informal, often used for everyday objects]
• стек [stɛk] - [Formal, Technical, commonly in computing contexts]

Frequency: Medium (The word is moderately common in everyday language and highly frequent in technical fields like programming.)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate) for general usage; B2 (Upper-Intermediate) for technical contexts like 'стек' in computing, based on CEFR standards.

Pronunciation (Russian):

стопка: [ˈstop.kə]

Note on стопка: The stress falls on the first syllable. Be careful with the 'о' sound, which is pronounced as a short 'o' similar to the 'o' in 'stop' in English. Variations may occur in regional dialects.

Audio: []

стек: [stɛk]

Note on стек: Pronounced with a hard 'e' sound, similar to the 'e' in 'bed'. This is a loanword from English, so pronunciation is relatively straightforward for English speakers.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

A pile or heap of objects (Noun, general sense)

Translation(s) & Context:

• стопка - Used in informal, everyday contexts for stacking physical items, such as books or papers.

Usage Examples:

• На столе лежала стопка книг.

  On the table lay a stack of books.

• Она аккуратно сложила стопку посуды в шкаф.

  She neatly stacked the dishes in the cupboard.

• В углу комнаты стояла стопка старых журналов.

  In the corner of the room, there was a stack of old magazines.

• После вечеринки мы оставили стопку грязных тарелок на кухне.

  After the party, we left a stack of dirty plates in the kitchen.

A data structure in computing (Noun, technical sense)

Translation(s) & Context:

• стек - Used in formal, professional contexts in programming and computer science for a last-in, first-out data structure.

Usage Examples:

• В этой программе стек используется для управления вызовами функций.

  In this program, the stack is used to manage function calls.

• Переполнение стека может вызвать ошибку в приложении.

  A stack overflow can cause an error in the application.

• Программист объяснил, как работает стек в языке Python.

  The programmer explained how the stack works in Python.

• Для оптимизации кода нам нужно правильно управлять стеком.

  To optimize the code, we need to manage the stack properly.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For 'стопка' (a feminine noun), it follows standard Russian declension patterns for third-declension nouns. It changes based on case and number.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	стопка	стопки
Genitive	стопки	стопок
Dative	стопке	стопкам
Accusative	стопку	стопки
Instrumental	стопкой	стопками
Prepositional	стопке	стопках

For 'стек' (an indeclinable noun, often treated as masculine), it does not change in most cases due to its status as a loanword. It remains 'стек' in singular and plural forms (e.g., стек, стека in genitive, but commonly invariant in technical contexts).

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • куча (kucha) - More general for a heap, often informal.
  • пачка (pachka) - Specifically for stacked items like papers, with a nuance of being neatly packed.
  • стоп (stop) - Similar to 'stack' but less common and more literary.
• Antonyms:
  • рассеянный (rasseyannyy) - Meaning scattered or disorganized.
  • хаос (khaos) - Implies complete disorder, opposite in technical contexts.

Related Phrases:

• стопка бумаг - A stack of papers; used in office or daily contexts to refer to piled documents.
• переполнение стека - Stack overflow; a common term in programming for when the stack exceeds its limits.
• сложить в стопку - To stack up; an idiomatic phrase for organizing items neatly.

Usage Notes:

'Stack' corresponds most directly to 'стопка' in everyday English-Russian translation for physical piles, but 'стек' is preferred in technical fields like computing. Use 'стопка' in informal settings to avoid sounding overly formal, and be mindful of gender agreements in sentences (e.g., adjectives must agree with 'стопка' as feminine). When choosing between translations, opt for 'стек' if the context is IT-related. Grammatically, 'стек' is often used without inflection, making it easier for beginners, while 'стопка' requires case changes.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using 'стопка' in technical contexts, e.g., saying "стопка данных" instead of "стек данных".
  Correct: "стек данных" – Explanation: 'Стопка' implies a physical pile, which can confuse the meaning in programming; always use 'стек' for data structures to maintain accuracy.
• Mistake: Incorrectly inflecting 'стек', e.g., treating it as fully declinable like 'стекам' in plural dative.
  Correct: Keep it as 'стек' in most cases – Explanation: As a loanword, 'стек' is often indeclinable, so over-inflecting can sound unnatural to native speakers.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'стопка' is commonly associated with everyday organization in homes or offices, reflecting a cultural emphasis on tidiness in communal spaces. In technical contexts, 'стек' highlights Russia's integration into global IT culture, with terms like this borrowed directly from English, symbolizing the influence of Western technology on modern Russian language.

Related Concepts:

• очередь (ochered')
• массив (massiv)
• структура данных (struktura dannykh)