Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'offense'

English Word: offense

Key Russian Translations:

• Преступление [prʲɪˈstup.lʲɪ.nʲjə] - [Formal, Legal context]
• Обида [ɐˈbʲi.də] - [Informal, Emotional or interpersonal context]
• Атака [ɐˈta.kə] - [Sports or Military context]

Frequency: Medium (Common in legal, everyday conversations, and sports, but not as ubiquitous as basic vocabulary like greetings)

Difficulty: B1-B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of noun declensions and context-specific usage; for 'Преступление', B1; for 'Обида' and 'Атака', B2 due to emotional or action-oriented nuances)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Преступление: [prʲɪˈstup.lʲɪ.nʲjə] (The stress is on the third syllable; note the palatalized 'л' which can be challenging for English speakers.)

Note on Преступление: The 'щ' sound is a soft, voiceless fricative similar to 'sh' in 'she', but more sibilant. Avoid over-emphasizing the 'p' at the beginning.

Обида: [ɐˈbʲi.də] (Stress on the second syllable; the 'бʲ' is a palatalized 'b', sounding softer than in English.)

Note on Обида: This word often has a rising intonation in emotional speech, reflecting its affective meaning.

Атака: [ɐˈta.kə] (Stress on the second syllable; the 'a' sounds are open and short.)

Note on Атака: In rapid speech, the final 'a' may reduce to a schwa sound [ə].

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: A legal or criminal act (e.g., breaking the law)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Преступление - Used in formal legal or judicial contexts, such as court proceedings or news reports.

Usage Examples:

• В суде обсуждали серьезное преступление, которое потрясло весь город.

  In court, they discussed a serious offense that shook the entire city.

• Преступление было совершено в ночное время, что усложнило расследование.

  The offense was committed at night, which complicated the investigation.

• Чтобы предотвратить преступление, полиция увеличила патрулирование улиц.

  To prevent the offense, the police increased street patrols.

• Преступление против собственности часто приводит к длительным тюремным срокам.

  An offense against property often results in lengthy prison sentences.

Meaning 2: An insult or something causing hurt feelings

Translation(s) & Context:

• Обида - Used in informal, personal interactions, such as arguments or emotional discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Его слова вызвали глубокую обиду, и она не говорила с ним несколько дней.

  His words caused a deep offense, and she didn't speak to him for several days.

• Обида от несправедливого замечания заставила ее усомниться в дружбе.

  The offense from the unfair remark made her doubt the friendship.

• В семейных спорах обида накапливается, если не обсуждать проблемы открыто.

  In family disputes, offense builds up if problems aren't discussed openly.

• Маленькая обида может перерасти в большую ссору, если не извиниться вовремя.

  A small offense can escalate into a big argument if not apologized for promptly.

Meaning 3: An attack or aggressive action (e.g., in sports)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Атака - Used in contexts like military strategy or sports commentary.

Usage Examples:

• Во время матча атака команды была очень агрессивной, что привело к победе.

  During the match, the team's offense was very aggressive, leading to victory.

• Атака противника была отбита, но потери были значительными.

  The enemy's offense was repelled, but the losses were significant.

• В футболе успешная атака зависит от координации игроков.

  In soccer, a successful offense depends on player coordination.

• Атака на ворота завершилась голом в последние секунды игры.

  The offense on the goal ended with a score in the final seconds of the game.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

All key translations are nouns and follow standard Russian declension patterns. Russian nouns change based on case, number, and gender. Below is a table for each:

For 'Преступление' (Neuter, 2nd declension):

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Преступление	Преступления
Genitive	Преступления	Преступлений
Dative	Преступлению	Преступлениям
Accusative	Преступление	Преступления
Instrumental	Преступлением	Преступлениями
Prepositional	Преступлении	Преступлениях

For 'Обида' (Feminine, 1st declension):

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Обида	Обиды
Genitive	Обиды	Обид

Note: 'Атака' (Feminine) follows a similar pattern and is invariable in plural forms in some contexts.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Преступление: Нарушение (violation) - Often used for minor offenses.
  • Обида: Оскорбление (insult) - More formal than обида.
  • Атака: Наступление (offensive) - Applies in military contexts.
• Antonyms:
  • Преступление: Добродетель (virtue)
  • Обида: Радость (joy)
  • Атака: Оборона (defense)

Related Phrases:

• Совершить преступление - To commit an offense (Used in legal contexts to describe criminal acts).
• Нанести обиду - To cause offense (Common in personal relationships, implying emotional harm).
• Организовать атаку - To mount an offense (Typically in sports or strategy, meaning to launch an attack).

Usage Notes:

The English word 'offense' translates variably in Russian based on context: 'Преступление' for legal matters, 'Обида' for emotional ones, and 'Атака' for action-oriented scenarios. Always consider the register—'Преступление' is formal, while 'Обида' is more colloquial. In grammar, these nouns must agree in case with their modifiers, e.g., use genitive for possession. When choosing among translations, prioritize based on the primary meaning to avoid confusion.

Common Errors:

• English learners often confuse 'Обида' with 'Оскорбление'; error: Using 'Обида' in formal settings (e.g., "Это обида!" instead of "Это оскорбление!"). Correct: 'Обида' is for personal hurt, while 'Оскорбление' is for public insults. Explanation: This can downplay severity in legal contexts.
• Mixing cases: Error: Saying "В преступление" (incorrect accusative). Correct: "В преступлении" (prepositional). Explanation: Russian requires precise case endings for grammatical accuracy.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'Обида' (offense as insult) often carries a deep emotional weight, reflecting the value placed on personal honor and relationships. Historically, unresolved обида could lead to duels or feuds in literature like Tolstoy's works, highlighting how such offenses are not taken lightly in interpersonal dynamics.

Related Concepts:

• Нарушение (violation)
• Оскорбление (insult)
• Наступление (offensive)