Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'macula'

English Word: macula

Key Russian Translations:

• желтое пятно [ʐɨlˈtoje ˈpʲatnə] - [Medical, Formal]
• пятно [ˈpʲatnə] - [General, Informal, Plural if contextually appropriate]

Frequency: Low (Primarily used in medical or scientific contexts; not common in everyday conversation)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires familiarity with medical terminology. For "желтое пятно": B2; for "пятно": A2 as a basic noun)

Pronunciation (Russian):

желтое пятно: [ʐɨlˈtoje ˈpʲatnə]

пятно: [ˈpʲatnə]

Note on желтое пятно: The stress falls on the second syllable of "желтое" and the first of "пятно." Be mindful of the soft sign (ь) in "пятно," which affects pronunciation by softening the preceding consonant.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The yellow spot on the retina of the eye (Medical context)

Translation(s) & Context:

• желтое пятно - Used in ophthalmology to describe the central part of the retina; formal medical discussions.

Usage Examples:

• Врачи проверяют желтое пятно во время осмотра глаз.

  Doctors examine the macula during an eye examination.

• Проблемы с желтым пятном могут привести к потере зрения.

  Problems with the macula can lead to vision loss.

• У пожилых людей желтое пятно часто подвержено дегенерации.

  In elderly people, the macula is often subject to degeneration.

• Лечение желтого пятна включает специальные витамины и процедуры.

  Treatment of the macula involves special vitamins and procedures.

Meaning 2: A spot or stain on a surface (General context)

Translation(s) & Context:

• пятно - Used for any visible mark or blemish; everyday language, informal settings.

Usage Examples:

• На рубашке появилось пятно от кофе.

  A coffee stain appeared on the shirt.

• Дети нарисовали пятно на стене акварелью.

  The children drew a spot on the wall with watercolors.

• Это пятно на ковре трудно вывести.

  This stain on the carpet is hard to remove.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For "желтое пятно" (neuter noun phrase): "Пятно" is a neuter noun in the third declension. It follows standard neuter noun patterns with irregularities in some cases. "Желтое" is an adjective that agrees with the noun.

For "пятно" alone: It is invariant in gender but changes by case as shown above. No irregular forms in standard usage.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • пятнышко (diminutive form, used for small spots)
  • клякса (specifically for ink or liquid stains)
• Antonyms:
  • чистота (cleanliness, as an abstract opposite)

Note: "Пятнышко" is often used in informal or affectionate contexts for smaller marks.

Related Phrases:

• Удалить пятно – To remove a stain (Common in cleaning or laundry contexts)
• Желтое пятно на сетчатке – The macula on the retina (Medical phrase for eye health discussions)
• Пятно от вина – Wine stain (Used in everyday problem-solving scenarios)

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "желтое пятно" directly corresponds to the English "macula" in medical contexts and should be used in formal or professional settings. Avoid literal translations in casual speech; instead, use "пятно" for general spots. Be aware of adjective agreement with nouns, as Russian requires gender, number, and case matching. When choosing between translations, opt for "желтое пятно" in ophthalmology and "пятно" for everyday blemishes.

Common Errors:

• Error: Using "пятно" without proper case agreement, e.g., saying "я вижу пятно" when it should be "я вижу пятно" in nominative, but incorrectly in other cases like "на пятно" instead of "на пятне."

  Correct: Ensure case agreement, e.g., "на пятне" (prepositional). Explanation: Russian nouns must change form based on their role in the sentence, which English speakers often overlook.

• Error: Confusing "желтое пятно" with general stains, leading to misuse in non-medical contexts.

  Correct: Reserve "желтое пятно" for eye-related discussions. Example of error: Saying "желтое пятно на рубашке" (incorrect for a shirt stain); use "пятно на рубашке" instead. Explanation: This can make speech sound overly technical or inaccurate.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, eye health is a significant topic due to historical emphasis on preventive medicine in the former Soviet Union. Terms like "желтое пятно" are commonly referenced in public health campaigns, reflecting a broader cultural awareness of aging and vision care, which may not be as pronounced in some English-speaking contexts.

Related Concepts:

• сетчатка (retina)
• дегенерация (degeneration)
• глазное дно (eye fundus)