Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'lithography'

English Word: lithography

Key Russian Translations:

• Литография [lʲɪtɐˈɡrafʲɪjə] - [Formal, Technical; Used in contexts like art, printing, or semiconductor manufacturing]

Frequency: Low (This term is specialized and not commonly used in everyday conversation; it's more prevalent in technical, artistic, or academic discussions.)

Difficulty: Advanced (C1 level, per CEFR; Requires familiarity with technical vocabulary and Russian noun declensions, making it challenging for intermediate learners.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Литография: [lʲɪtɐˈɡrafʲɪjə]

Note on Литография: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ('gra'), which is a common point of difficulty for English speakers due to the soft 'л' sound (palatalized 'l'). Pronunciation may vary slightly in rapid speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. A method of printing using a flat surface (e.g., in art or traditional printing).

Translation(s) & Context:

• Литография - Used in artistic or historical contexts, such as describing a printing technique for images or texts on stone or metal plates.

Usage Examples:

• В музее выставлена коллекция литографии Пикассо.

  In the museum, there is a collection of Picasso's lithographs on display.

• Литография позволяет создавать точные копии рисунков без потери качества.

  Lithography allows for creating precise copies of drawings without loss of quality.

• Этот художник освоил технику литографии в начале XX века.

  This artist mastered the technique of lithography in the early 20th century.

• Современные литографии часто используются в коммерческой печати.

  Modern lithographies are often used in commercial printing.

2. A technique in semiconductor manufacturing (e.g., photolithography).

Translation(s) & Context:

• Литография (or more specifically, фотолитография) - Applied in technical fields like electronics, where it refers to patterning circuits on silicon wafers.

Usage Examples:

• В микроэлектронике литография играет ключевую роль в производстве чипов.

  In microelectronics, lithography plays a key role in chip manufacturing.

• Фотолитография — это разновидность литографии, использующая ультрафиолетовый свет.

  Photolithography is a type of lithography that uses ultraviolet light.

• Без точной литографии невозможно создать современные смартфоны.

  Without precise lithography, it's impossible to create modern smartphones.

• Инженеры улучшили процесс литографии для повышения эффективности производства.

  Engineers improved the lithography process to increase production efficiency.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

"Литография" is a feminine noun (3rd declension in Russian). It follows the standard pattern for nouns ending in -ия, which means it has regular declensions based on case and number. Below is a table outlining its key inflections:

Note: The word is regular and does not have irregular forms, but always ensure the correct case based on sentence structure.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Гравюра (engraving; similar in artistic contexts but involves incising)
  • Печать (printing; a broader term for general reproduction techniques)
• Antonyms:
  • Рисунок от руки (hand drawing; implies non-mechanical creation, contrasting with reproduced methods)

Related Phrases:

• Метод литографии - Method of lithography; Refers to the overall technique in printing or manufacturing.
• Художественная литография - Artistic lithography; Used for fine art applications.
• Фотолитография в электронике - Photolithography in electronics; Specific to semiconductor processes.
• Процесс литографии - Lithography process; Describes the step-by-step procedure.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, "литография" directly corresponds to the English "lithography" in both artistic and technical contexts, but it's essential to specify the domain to avoid ambiguity. For formal or technical writing, use it in its nominative form and adjust for case as needed. When choosing between translations, "литография" is the most precise; avoid "гравюра" if the context is purely flat-surface printing. Be mindful of its feminine gender in sentences, e.g., "Эта литография очень детализирована" (This lithography is very detailed).

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using "литография" interchangeably with "гравюра" without context. Incorrect: "Гравюра — это литография." (This implies they are the same, which they're not.) Correct: "Литография отличается от гравюры тем, что не требует вырезания." (Lithography differs from engraving because it doesn't require cutting.) Explanation: Learners often confuse these due to overlapping artistic uses; always clarify the technique involved.
• Mistake: Forgetting declension in sentences. Incorrect: "Я изучаю литография." (I am studying lithography – wrong case.) Correct: "Я изучаю литографию." (I am studying lithography – accusative case.) Explanation: Russian requires case agreement, which English speakers might overlook, leading to grammatical errors.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, "литография" has historical significance in the art world, particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries when it was used by artists like Ivan Aivazovsky and Ilya Repin for reproducing works. It symbolizes the democratization of art, as it made prints more accessible to the public, reflecting Russia's rich tradition in graphic arts and its influence on modern design.

Related Concepts:

• Печать
• Гравюра
• Фотография
• Микроэлектроника