Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'judgment'

English Word: judgment

Key Russian Translations:

• суждение [suʒˈdʲenʲje] - [Formal; used in philosophical or intellectual contexts]
• приговор [prʲɪˈgɐvər] - [Legal; used in judicial or courtroom settings]
• оценка [ɐˈtsɛnkə] - [Informal; used for general evaluations or appraisals]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in formal writing, legal texts, and everyday discussions, but not as ubiquitous as basic vocabulary)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of abstract concepts and context-specific usage. For 'суждение', it may be B2; for 'приговор', it could lean towards B1 in legal contexts due to its concrete application.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

суждение: [suʒˈdʲenʲje]

Note on суждение: The 'ж' sound is a voiced palatal fricative, similar to the 's' in 'measure' in English; stress falls on the second syllable, which can be tricky for beginners.

приговор: [prʲɪˈgɐvər]

Note on приговор: The initial 'пр' is pronounced with a soft 'р', and the stress is on the second syllable; be careful with the rolling 'р' sound, which is common in Russian but absent in some English accents.

оценка: [ɐˈtsɛnkə]

Note on оценка: The 'ц' is a voiceless alveolar affricate, like 'ts' in 'cats'; stress on the second syllable, with potential for vowel reduction in fast speech.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

1. The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions (abstract opinion or judgment).

Translation(s) & Context:

• суждение - Used in formal discussions, philosophy, or intellectual debates to denote reasoned opinion.
• оценка - Applied in everyday informal settings for personal evaluations, like assessing a situation.

Usage Examples:

• Его суждение о ситуации было очень точным.

  His judgment about the situation was very accurate. (Demonstrates use in a formal context with an adjective modifier.)

• В науке суждение основывается на фактах.

  In science, judgment is based on facts. (Shows the word in a plural or general sense, emphasizing objectivity.)

• Её оценка проекта помогла принять правильное решение.

  Her judgment of the project helped make the right decision. (Illustrates informal usage in a professional scenario.)

• Без объективного суждения невозможно принять верное решение.

  Without objective judgment, it's impossible to make the right decision. (Highlights use in a philosophical or advisory context.)

2. A formal decision or sentence, especially in a legal context (e.g., court judgment).

Translation(s) & Context:

• приговор - Specifically used in legal proceedings, such as court verdicts.

Usage Examples:

• Суд вынес приговор по делу через неделю.

  The court delivered its judgment in the case within a week. (Shows use in a legal timeline context.)

• Приговор был обжалован в высшем суде.

  The judgment was appealed in the higher court. (Demonstrates legal processes and verb combinations.)

• Его приговор включал штраф и общественные работы.

  His judgment included a fine and community service. (Illustrates detailed outcomes in sentencing.)

• Приговор суда повлиял на всю семью.

  The court's judgment affected the entire family. (Highlights emotional or broader implications.)

• Вынесенный приговор был справедливым.

  The delivered judgment was fair. (Emphasizes adjectives for evaluation in legal discourse.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

'суждение' is a neuter noun in the second declension. It follows standard Russian noun patterns with regular inflections for case, number, and gender. Below is a table of its declensions:

'приговор' is a masculine noun with regular inflections:

'оценка' is a feminine noun with standard inflections and does not have irregularities.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • мнение (mneniye) - Similar to 'суждение' but often more casual; implies a personal view without deep analysis.
  • вердикт (verdict) - Close to 'приговор' in legal contexts, but can be used metaphorically.
  • анализ (analiz) - For 'оценка', emphasizes detailed examination rather than quick judgment.
• Antonyms:
  • ошибка (oshibka) - Error or mistake, contrasting with sound judgment.
  • невежество (nevezhestvo) - Ignorance, opposing informed judgment.

Related Phrases:

• независимое суждение (nezavisimoye suzhdeniye) - Independent judgment; used in contexts like decision-making or criticism.
• вынести приговор (vynest' prigovor) - To deliver a judgment; a common legal phrase implying a final decision.
• дать оценку (dat' otsenku) - To give an assessment; informal for quick judgments in daily life.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'суждение' aligns closely with the abstract English 'judgment' in intellectual contexts, but it's more formal and often requires prepositions like 'о' (about) for specifics (e.g., суждение о книге). 'Приговор' is strictly legal and doesn't translate directly to everyday opinions. Choose based on context: use 'оценка' for informal appraisals to avoid stiffness. Be mindful of gender and case agreements in sentences, as Russian nouns inflect based on their role.

Common Errors:

• Confusing 'суждение' with 'мнение': Learners might overuse 'мнение' for formal judgment, but it's less analytical. Error: "Моё мнение было правильным" (when 'суждение' is needed). Correct: "Моё суждение было правильным." Explanation: 'Суждение' implies reasoned thought, while 'мнение' is just an opinion.
• Misapplying 'приговор' in non-legal contexts: Error: "Я вынес приговор о фильме" (I made a judgment about the film). Correct: "Я сделал суждение о фильме." Explanation: 'Приговор' is reserved for courts; using it casually can sound overly dramatic.
• Ignoring inflections: Error: "В суде был приговор" (incorrect genitive). Correct: "В суде был приговор." Explanation: Ensure proper case, e.g., prepositional for locations.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'суждение' often carries a weight of intellectual tradition, influenced by literary figures like Tolstoy, who emphasized reasoned judgment in moral dilemmas. 'Приговор' reflects the historical importance of the Russian legal system, which has evolved from tsarist times to modern reforms, sometimes evoking themes of justice in literature like Dostoevsky's works.

Related Concepts:

• решение (resheniye) - Decision
• анализ (analiz) - Analysis
• критика (kritika) - Criticism