Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'jobbery'

English Word: jobbery

Key Russian Translations:

• коррупция [kɐˈruptsɨjə] - [Formal]
• взяточничество [vzʲɪɐˈtɔtɕnʲɪtɕɪstvə] - [Formal, Legal contexts]

Frequency: Low (An archaic English term, 'jobbery' is rarely used in modern English, and its Russian equivalents are more common in formal or journalistic contexts.)

Difficulty: Advanced (C1-C2; Learners need familiarity with Russian nominal inflections and formal vocabulary. For 'коррупция', difficulty is C1; for 'взяточничество', it is C2 due to its specificity.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

коррупция: [kɐˈruptsɨjə]

Note on коррупция: The stress falls on the third syllable ("rup"). Pay attention to the soft sign (ь) which affects the pronunciation of the preceding consonant.

взяточничество: [vzʲɪɐˈtɔtɕnʲɪtɕɪstvə]

Note on взятчничество: This word has a complex consonant cluster; the initial 'вз' is pronounced as [vz], and the stress is on the third syllable ("tch").

Audio: []

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: The practice of using public office for private gain through dishonest means, such as bribery or favoritism.

Translation(s) & Context:

• коррупция - Used in formal, political, or legal discussions to describe systemic corruption.
• взяточничество - Applied in contexts involving specific acts of bribery, often in administrative or governmental settings.

Usage Examples:

• В стране процветает коррупция, что подрывает доверие граждан.

  Corruption is thriving in the country, which undermines citizens' trust.

• Взяточничество среди чиновников приводит к несправедливому распределению ресурсов.

  Jobbery among officials leads to unfair distribution of resources.

• Правительство начало кампанию против коррупции для очищения системы.

  The government has launched a campaign against jobbery to cleanse the system.

• Из-за взятчничества многие проекты остаются невыполненными.

  Due to jobbery, many projects remain unfulfilled.

• Коррупция в бизнесе часто маскируется под легальные сделки.

  Jobbery in business is often disguised as legal transactions.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'коррупция' and 'взяточничество' are feminine nouns in Russian, following standard declension patterns for first-declension nouns. 'Коррупция' is a common noun with regular inflections, while 'взяточничество' is less common but follows similar rules.

Note: These nouns do not have irregular inflections, making them straightforward for learners once basic declension rules are understood.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • взятка (bribe) - More specific to individual acts.
  • хабар (bribe, informal variant).
  • протекционизм (patronage, with subtle differences in implying favoritism over pure corruption).
• Antonyms:
  • честность (honesty) - Direct opposite, emphasizing integrity.
  • прозрачность (transparency) - Often used in anti-corruption contexts.

Related Phrases:

• Борьба с коррупцией - Fight against corruption; Used in political or social reform contexts.
• Коррупционные схемы - Corrupt schemes; Refers to organized fraudulent activities.
• Взяточничество в органах власти - Jobbery in government bodies; Highlights institutional issues.

Usage Notes:

'Jobbery' is an archaic English term that directly corresponds to 'коррупция' in Russian, but 'взяточничество' is preferred for more precise legal connotations. Use 'коррупция' in formal writing or discussions about systemic issues, as it is neutral and widely understood. Be cautious with context: in everyday Russian, these words carry strong negative implications and are typically confined to professional or journalistic language. When choosing between translations, opt for 'коррупция' for general corruption and 'взяточничество' for bribery-specific scenarios. Grammatically, always decline these nouns according to Russian case requirements to avoid errors in sentence structure.

Common Errors:

• Mistake: Using 'коррупция' interchangeably with 'взятка' without context. Correct: 'Взятка' refers to a single bribe, while 'коррупция' is broader. Example: Incorrect: "Он дал взятку" (for general jobbery); Correct: "Он участвовал в коррупции".
• Mistake: Forgetting to decline the noun in sentences. Correct: In genitive case, say "борьба с коррупцией" instead of "борьба с коррупция".
• Mistake: Overusing in informal speech. Correct: These terms are formal; in casual talk, Russians might say "взяточки" (a diminutive, informal form), but this is not standard.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture and history, terms like 'коррупция' have gained prominence due to widespread anti-corruption campaigns, especially post-Soviet era reforms. It often evokes discussions on governance and ethics, reflecting Russia's historical challenges with bureaucracy and transparency, as seen in literature like Dostoevsky's works where similar themes appear.

Related Concepts:

• взятка
• протекционизм
• хабар