Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'infringe'

English Word: infringe

Key Russian Translations:

• Нарушить [IPA: nɐˈruʃʲɪtʲ] - [Formal, used in legal or official contexts]
• Нарушать [IPA: nɐˈruʃɐtʲ] - [Formal, implies ongoing or repeated action]

Frequency: Medium (commonly used in legal, ethical, and everyday discussions, but not as frequent as basic verbs)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and formal language structures. For 'Нарушить', it's B2; for 'Нарушать', it may vary to B1 if used in simpler contexts)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Нарушить: [IPA: nɐˈruʃʲɪtʲ]

Note on Нарушить: The stress is on the second syllable; be cautious with the palatalized 'шʲ' sound, which can be tricky for English speakers. Pronunciation may vary slightly in fast speech.

Нарушать: [IPA: nɐˈruʃɐtʲ]

Note on Нарушать: Similar to 'Нарушить', but ends with a softer 'tʲ'; practice with native audio for the imperfective aspect distinction.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

To violate a law, right, or agreement

Translation(s) & Context:

• Нарушить - Used in formal contexts like legal documents or discussions about rights, e.g., infringing on copyright.
• Нарушать - For ongoing violations, such as repeatedly infringing on rules in a workplace.

Usage Examples:

• Он нарушил закон, скачав пиратское ПО. (On narushil zakon, skachav piratskoye PO.)

  He infringed the law by downloading pirated software.

• Эта компания постоянно нарушает права работников. (Eta kompaniya postoyanno narushaet prava rabotnikov.)

  This company is constantly infringing on workers' rights.

• Если вы нарушите договор, вас оштрафуют. (Yesli vy narushite dogovor, vas oshtrafuyut.)

  If you infringe on the contract, you will be fined.

• Дети иногда нарушают правила, но это часть обучения. (Deti inogda narushayut pravila, no eto chastʹ obucheniya.)

  Children sometimes infringe on rules, but it's part of learning.

• Правительство не должно нарушать свободу слова. (Pravitelstvo ne dolzhno narushatʹ svobodu slova.)

  The government should not infringe on freedom of speech.

To encroach on something, such as space or boundaries

Translation(s) & Context:

• Нарушить - In contexts involving personal space or territorial boundaries, e.g., infringing on privacy.

Usage Examples:

• Его действия нарушили мою личную территорию. (Yego deystviya narushili moyu lichnuyu territoriyu.)

  His actions infringed on my personal space.

• Не нарушайте чужие границы в разговоре. (Ne narushayte chuzhie granitsy v razgovore.)

  Don't infringe on others' boundaries in conversation.

• Эта стройка нарушает экосистему леса. (Eta stroyka narushaet ekosistemu lesa.)

  This construction is infringing on the forest ecosystem.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'Нарушить' and 'Нарушать' are verbs. 'Нарушить' is a perfective verb (indicating a completed action), while 'Нарушать' is imperfective (indicating an ongoing or repeated action). Russian verbs follow regular conjugation patterns based on aspect, tense, and person.

Note: These verbs are regular in their conjugations, following standard patterns for first-conjugation verbs in Russian.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Посягать (posyagatʹ) - More formal, implies bold encroachment.
  • Попирать (popiratʹ) - Emphasizes trampling or disregarding, often in moral contexts.
• Antonyms:
  • Соблюдать (soblyudatʹ) - To observe or comply with.
  • Уважать (uvazhatʹ) - To respect boundaries or rights.

Related Phrases:

• Нарушить закон (Narushitʹ zakon) - To break the law; used in legal contexts to describe criminal acts.
• Нарушать тишину (Narushatʹ tishinu) - To disturb the peace; common in noise-related complaints.
• Нарушить равновесие (Narushitʹ ravnovesiye) - To upset the balance; metaphorical for disrupting harmony or ecosystems.

Usage Notes:

In Russian, 'Нарушить' is typically used for one-time actions, while 'Нарушать' suits ongoing situations, mirroring the perfective vs. imperfective aspect in Russian grammar. When translating 'infringe', choose based on context: formal legal English often aligns with 'Нарушить'. Be mindful of word order in sentences, as Russian emphasizes the verb later. For example, it's common to say the object first, then the verb, e.g., "Закон нарушить" instead of the direct English equivalent.

• Always consider the aspect: Use imperfective for descriptions and perfective for results.
• In formal writing, pair with prepositions like 'на' (on) for rights, e.g., 'нарушить на права'.

Common Errors:

English learners often confuse the perfective and imperfective aspects. For instance, they might incorrectly use 'Нарушить' for ongoing actions: Error - "Я нарушу закон каждый день" (meaning "I infringe the law every day"), which implies a single future action. Correct: "Я нарушаю закон каждый день" (I am infringing the law every day). Another error is overusing 'Нарушить' in informal speech; instead, natives might opt for synonyms like 'Посягать' for nuance, but stick to 'Нарушить' for precision in legal contexts.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, concepts like 'infringing' on rights often tie into historical contexts of authoritarianism and personal freedoms. For example, phrases involving 'нарушить' are frequently used in discussions about Soviet-era restrictions, emphasizing the importance of individual rights in modern Russia. This can add a layer of sensitivity in conversations, as it evokes themes of liberty and state control.

Related Concepts:

• Права (Prava) - Rights
• Закон (Zakon) - Law
• Свобода (Svoboda) - Freedom