Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'incontinent'

English Word: incontinent

Key Russian Translations:

• невоздержанный [nʲɪvɐzdrʲiˈʐannɨj] - [Formal]
• неудержимый [nʲɪʊˈdʲerʐɨmɨj] - [Informal, often used in everyday speech]

Frequency: Medium (commonly encountered in literary or medical contexts, but not in casual conversation)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate, per CEFR; requires understanding of adjective inflections; for 'невоздержанный', it's B1, while 'неудержимый' might be A2 for basic forms)

Pronunciation (Russian):

невоздержанный: [nʲɪvɐzdrʲiˈʐannɨj]

Note on невоздержанный: The stress falls on the fourth syllable ('ʐannɨj'), which can be tricky for English speakers due to the soft 'r' sound; practice with native audio for accuracy.

неудержимый: [nʲɪʊˈdʲerʐɨmɨj]

Note on неудержимый: The initial 'н' is palatalized, sounding like 'ny', and the word has a rolling 'r'; common in faster speech variations.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning: Lacking self-control or restraint (e.g., in behavior or desires).

Translation(s) & Context:

• невоздержанный - Used in formal, literary, or medical contexts to describe someone who cannot control impulses, such as overeating or emotional outbursts.
• неудержимый - Applied in informal settings for something uncontrollable, like laughter or enthusiasm, often with a positive connotation.

Usage Examples:

• Его невоздержанный аппетит часто приводил к проблемам со здоровьем.

  His incontinent appetite often led to health problems.

• Она была невоздержанной в словах, что обижало окружающих.

  She was incontinent in her words, which offended those around her.

• Его неудержимый смех разрядил напряженную атмосферу на вечеринке.

  His incontinent laughter broke the tense atmosphere at the party.

• В медицинском отчете описывается пациент с невоздержанным поведением.

  The medical report describes a patient with incontinent behavior.

• Неудержимый энтузиазм молодого артиста завоевал аудиторию.

  The incontinent enthusiasm of the young artist won over the audience.

Meaning: Medically, referring to urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control).

Translation(s) & Context:

• невоздержанный - Less common; used metaphorically in health discussions, but not standard; prefer 'страдающий недержанием' for precision.
• неудержимый - Not typically used; instead, phrases like 'недержание мочи' in clinical contexts.

Usage Examples:

• Врач диагностировал у него невоздержанный мочевой пузырь.

  The doctor diagnosed him with an incontinent bladder.

• Она страдала от неудержимого недержания, что влияло на её повседневную жизнь.

  She suffered from incontinent incontinence, which affected her daily life.

• Лечение помогло контролировать его невоздержанный симптом.

  Treatment helped control his incontinent symptom.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

Both 'невоздержанный' and 'неудержимый' are adjectives, which inflect based on gender, number, and case in Russian. They follow standard adjective patterns with some irregularities in stress.

Note: These adjectives are regular but may shift stress in certain cases, making them moderately challenging for learners.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • неудержимый (similar to 'невоздержанный' but often implies more positive energy)
  • импульсивный (used for sudden, unplanned actions; differs by focusing on spontaneity)
• Antonyms:
  • сдержанный (restrained or controlled, contrasting with lack of self-control)
  • уравновешенный (balanced, especially in emotional contexts)

Related Phrases:

• невоздержанный в еде - Unrestrained in eating; refers to overindulgence in food.
• неудержимый поток слов - Incontinent stream of words; describes someone who talks excessively.
• страдать от недержания - To suffer from incontinence; a medical phrase for bladder control issues.

Usage Notes:

'Incontinent' in English often carries a negative connotation, similar to its Russian translations. Use 'невоздержанный' for formal or literary contexts, as it aligns closely with behavioral lack of restraint. 'Неудержимый' is better for informal, dynamic situations. Be cautious with medical usage; in Russian, it's more common to use noun phrases like 'недержание мочи' rather than direct adjectives. Grammar note: Always inflect these adjectives to match the noun's gender, number, and case to avoid errors in agreement.

• When choosing between translations, opt for 'невоздержанный' if emphasizing moral or ethical restraint, and 'неудержимый' for physical or emotional overflow.
• In sentences, these words often precede the noun they modify, e.g., 'невоздержанный человек' (an incontinent person).

Common Errors:

English learners often misuse these adjectives by not inflecting them correctly. For example:

• Error: Using the base form in all cases, e.g., saying "он невоздержанный" in genitive context instead of "он невоздержанного". Correct: "У него невоздержанного характера" (He has an incontinent character). Explanation: Russian adjectives must agree in case; this error stems from English's lack of inflection.
• Error: Confusing with synonyms, e.g., using 'импульсивный' when 'невоздержанный' is needed for a more severe lack of control. Correct: Choose based on context—'импульсивный' for quick actions, not chronic behavior. Explanation: Subtle differences in nuance can lead to miscommunication in Russian.

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, words like 'невоздержанный' often appear in literature (e.g., Dostoevsky's works) to critique excess or moral weakness, reflecting historical emphasis on restraint in Orthodox traditions. This contrasts with English usage, where 'incontinent' might be more clinical, highlighting how Russian language ties personal behavior to broader societal values.

Related Concepts:

• сдержанность
• импульс
• недержание