Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'grate'

English Word: grate

Key Russian Translations:

• Решётка [rʲɪˈʃɵtkə] - [Noun, Formal, Used for physical objects like a metal grid or barrier]
• Натирать [nətʲɪˈratʲ] - [Verb, Informal, Used in everyday contexts like grating food]
• Раздражать [rəzdrʲɪˈʐatʲ] - [Verb, Neutral, Used when something annoys or irritates, often in emotional contexts]

Frequency: Medium (Common in technical, culinary, and everyday conversations, but not as frequent as basic vocabulary)

Difficulty: B1 (Intermediate for 'Решётка' and 'Натирать'; B2 for 'Раздражать' due to nuanced emotional connotations, based on CEFR standards)

Pronunciation (Russian):

Решётка: [rʲɪˈʃɵtkə]

Натирать: [nətʲɪˈratʲ]

Раздражать: [rəzdrʲɪˈʐatʲ]

Note on Раздражать: The 'ж' sound is a soft fricative, which can be challenging for English speakers; stress on the second syllable. Variations in informal speech may soften the pronunciation.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: A metal framework or grid (Noun)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Решётка - Used in literal contexts like describing a fireplace or window guard, in formal or technical settings.

Usage Examples:

• В камине была старая железная решётка, которая нуждалась в ремонте.

  In the fireplace, there was an old iron grate that needed repairing.

• Окна в музее защищены металлическими решётками от вандалов.

  The museum windows are protected by metal grates from vandals.

• Решётка на двери предотвращает попадание насекомых в дом.

  The grate on the door prevents insects from entering the house.

• В парке установили новую решётку для предотвращения эрозии почвы.

  In the park, they installed a new grate to prevent soil erosion.

Meaning 2: To shred or rub into small pieces (Verb)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Натирать - Used in culinary contexts, such as grating cheese or vegetables, in informal or everyday speech.

Usage Examples:

• Я натираю сыр для салата, чтобы он был более нежным.

  I'm grating the cheese for the salad to make it more tender.

• Натирать морковь на тёрке — это быстрый способ приготовить овощи.

  Grating carrots on a grater is a quick way to prepare vegetables.

• В рецепте сказано натирать лимонную цедру для аромата.

  The recipe says to grate the lemon zest for flavor.

• Она натирает чеснок, чтобы добавить его в соус.

  She is grating garlic to add it to the sauce.

Meaning 3: To irritate or annoy (Verb)

Translation(s) & Context:

• Раздражать - Used in emotional or interpersonal contexts, such as something grating on one's nerves, in neutral to informal settings.

Usage Examples:

• Его постоянные жалобы начинают раздражать всех вокруг.

  His constant complaints are starting to grate on everyone around.

• Громкая музыка из соседней квартиры меня раздражает по ночам.

  The loud music from the neighboring apartment grates on me at night.

• Её манера говорить слишком быстро раздражает во время бесед.

  Her way of speaking too quickly grates during conversations.

• Повторяющиеся ошибки в работе начинают раздражать начальника.

  Repeated mistakes at work are starting to grate on the boss.

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For 'Решётка' (feminine noun, 1st declension):

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Решётка	Решётки
Genitive	Решётки	Решёток
Dative	Решётке	Решёткам
Accusative	Решётку	Решётки
Instrumental	Решёткой	Решётками
Prepositional	Решётке	Решётках

For 'Натирать' (verb, imperfective):

Person	Present Tense
I	натираю
You (sg., informal)	натираешь
He/She/It	натирает
We	натираем
You (pl. or formal)	натираете
They	натирают

For 'Раздражать' (verb, imperfective): Similar conjugation pattern to 'Натирать', with past tense forms like 'раздражал' (he annoyed).

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms:
  • Сетка (for 'Решётка' - a net or grid, with a finer mesh)
  • Тереть (for 'Натирать' - to rub, often interchangeably in cooking)
  • Доставать (for 'Раздражать' - to bother, with a milder connotation)
• Antonyms:
  • Успокаивать (for 'Раздражать' - to soothe or calm)

Related Phrases:

• Металлическая решётка - A metal grate; used in construction or security contexts.
• Натирать на тёрке - To grate on a grater; common in recipes for food preparation.
• Раздражать нервы - To grate on the nerves; an idiomatic phrase for extreme annoyance.

Usage Notes:

'Решётка' directly corresponds to the physical 'grate' as a noun and is neutral in tone, but ensure it fits the context (e.g., avoid in abstract uses). 'Натирать' matches the action of grating food and is straightforward, though it's imperfective, implying ongoing action—use perfective 'натереть' for completed actions. 'Раздражать' is ideal for emotional 'grate' but can be more intense than English; choose based on context. In formal writing, opt for precise synonyms to match register.

Common Errors:

• Confusing 'Натирать' with 'Тереть': Learners might use 'Тереть' for grating food, but 'Натирать' is more specific; error: "Я терит сыр" (wrong) vs. correct: "Я натираю сыр".
• Overusing 'Раздражать' in mild contexts: It implies strong irritation; error: Using it for minor annoyances like "This music grates a bit" as "Эта музыка раздражает" (too strong) vs. better: "Эта музыка немного доставляет неудобство".

Cultural Notes:

In Russian culture, 'Решётка' might evoke historical contexts like prison bars or traditional architecture, symbolizing restriction or protection, as seen in literature like Dostoevsky's works. 'Раздражать' reflects the Russian emphasis on emotional expression in daily life, often tied to communal living where personal space is limited.

Related Concepts:

• Сетка
• Тёрка
• Доставать