Russian Translation(s) & Details for 'flagellate'

English Word: flagellate

Key Russian Translations:

• хлестать [xlʲɪˈstatʲ] - [Verb, Informal, Used in everyday or literary contexts]
• жгутиковый [ʐɡuˈtʲikəvɨj] - [Adjective, Formal, Plural forms applicable in scientific contexts]

Frequency: Low (This word and its translations are not commonly used in everyday Russian conversation; they appear more frequently in literary, historical, or scientific texts.)

Difficulty: B2 (Intermediate; requires understanding of verb conjugations and adjective agreements for "хлестать," while "жгутиковый" involves scientific vocabulary, making it challenging for intermediate learners.)

Pronunciation (Russian):

хлестать: [xlʲɪˈstatʲ]

жгутиковый: [ʐɡuˈtʲikəvɨj]

Note on хлестать: The initial "х" is a voiceless velar fricative, similar to the "ch" in Scottish "loch," and the stress is on the second syllable. Be cautious with the soft sign (ь) affecting pronunciation.

Note on жгутиковый: The "ж" sound is like the "s" in "measure," and this word often has a rolling quality in fast speech; variations may occur in regional dialects.

Audio: []

Meanings and Usage:

Meaning 1: As a verb, to whip or lash (e.g., in a physical or metaphorical sense)

Translation(s) & Context:

• хлестать - Used in informal or dramatic contexts, such as describing physical actions or emotional intensity in literature.

Usage Examples:

• Он хлестал ветку по земле, чтобы отпугнуть собак. (He whipped the branch against the ground to scare off the dogs.)

  Translation: He whipped the branch against the ground to scare off the dogs. (This example shows the verb in a simple present tense, illustrating physical action.)

• Ветер хлестал дождь по окнам во время бури. (The wind lashed the rain against the windows during the storm.)

  Translation: The wind lashed the rain against the windows during the storm. (Demonstrates metaphorical use in weather descriptions.)

• Она хлестала слова, обвиняя его в предательстве. (She whipped words, accusing him of betrayal.)

  Translation: She whipped words, accusing him of betrayal. (Highlights figurative language in emotional contexts.)

• Хлестать кнутом - опасный способ наказания. (Whipping with a whip is a dangerous form of punishment.)

  Translation: Whipping with a whip is a dangerous form of punishment. (Shows the verb in a broader societal or historical context.)

Meaning 2: As a noun or adjective, referring to organisms with flagella (e.g., in biology)

Translation(s) & Context:

• жгутиковый - Used in formal, scientific, or educational contexts, such as microbiology or biology textbooks.

Usage Examples:

• Жгутиковый организм, как эвглена, имеет уникальную структуру. (The flagellate organism, like Euglena, has a unique structure.)

  Translation: The flagellate organism, like Euglena, has a unique structure. (This example illustrates the adjective in a descriptive biological context.)

• В микроскопе мы видим жгутиковые бактерии, движущиеся быстро. (Under the microscope, we see flagellate bacteria moving quickly.)

  Translation: Under the microscope, we see flagellate bacteria moving quickly. (Shows the term in a scientific observation scenario.)

• Жгутиковый тип клеток играет ключевую роль в эволюции. (The flagellate type of cells plays a key role in evolution.)

  Translation: The flagellate type of cells plays a key role in evolution. (Demonstrates use in academic or evolutionary discussions.)

• Исследования жгутиковых протистов продолжаются в лабораториях. (Studies of flagellate protists continue in laboratories.)

  Translation: Studies of flagellate protists continue in laboratories. (Highlights plural forms and scientific research contexts.)

Russian Forms/Inflections:

For "хлестать" (a verb), it follows the pattern of first-conjugation verbs in Russian, which are regular but require attention to aspect and tense. It is imperfective, and its perfective counterpart is "хлестнуть." Below is a table of key inflections:

For "жгутиковый" (an adjective), it declines like other adjectives ending in -ый. It is invariant in gender but changes by case and number. For example:

• Nominative singular: жгутиковый
• Genitive plural: жгутиковых

This adjective does not have irregular forms but must agree with the noun it modifies.

Russian Synonyms/Antonyms:

• Synonyms for хлестать: бить (bit'), хлестать can be synonymous with whipping actions; стегать (stegat') - often used interchangeably in physical contexts, but стегать implies a lighter whip.
• Synonyms for жгутиковый: жгутиконосный (zhgutikonosnyy) - similar in scientific contexts, emphasizing the presence of flagella.
• Antonyms for хлестать: гладить (gladit') - to stroke or caress, opposite in action.
• Antonyms for жгутиковый: Not directly applicable, as it's a descriptive term; perhaps бесжгутиковый (bezhgutikovyy) in biological contrasts.

Related Phrases:

• Хлестать плетью - Whipping with a whip; often used in historical or punitive contexts.
• Жгутиковые организмы в экосистеме - Flagellate organisms in the ecosystem; refers to their role in biology.
• Хлестать дождь - To lash rain; a common phrase in weather descriptions.

Usage Notes:

"Хлестать" directly corresponds to the verb form of "flagellate" in English, emphasizing repeated or forceful actions, but it's more vivid and informal in Russian. Use it cautiously in formal writing due to its intensity. For "жгутиковый," it's a technical term best suited for scientific discussions; choose it over synonyms when precision in biology is needed. Always ensure verb agreement with subject and context to avoid grammatical errors.

Common Errors:

• Error: Confusing "хлестать" with "хлестать" in perfective form; learners might say "хлестать" when "хлестнуть" is needed for a completed action. Correct: Use "хлестнуть" for one-time events, e.g., instead of saying "Я хлестать вчера" (wrong), say "Я хлестнул вчера" (I whipped yesterday).
• Error: Forgetting adjective agreement in "жгутиковый"; a common mistake is using it without changing for case, e.g., "жгутиковый организм" in genitive should be "жгутикового организма." Explanation: Russian adjectives must match the noun's case, number, and gender.

Cultural Notes:

"Хлестать" can evoke historical connotations in Russian culture, such as references to corporal punishment in literature like Tolstoy's works, symbolizing oppression or reform. In modern contexts, it's less common and often appears in folk tales or critiques of past practices, highlighting themes of endurance and resistance.

Related Concepts:

• бактерия (bacteria)
• протист (protist)
• эволюция (evolution)